Alsuof Eman Abdullah, Alsayed Ahmad R, Zraikat Manar Saleh, Khader Heba A, Hasoun Luai Z, Zihlif Mamoon, Ata Osama Abu, Zihlif Malek A, Abu-Samak Mahmoud, Al Maqbali Mohammed
Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan.
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan.
Antibiotics (Basel). 2025 May 13;14(5):502. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics14050502.
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES: Antibiotic resistance makes the treatment of pneumonia challenging. Effective management depends on accurate diagnostic techniques to identify resistance genes and customize drugs. This study primarily aimed to identify antibiotic resistance genes in respiratory samples from patients with pneumonia using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine the prevalence of specific resistance genes and analyze clinical factors contributing to antibiotic resistance, as well as to provide actionable insights into resistance patterns in Jordan and support efforts to improve pneumonia management.
This retrospective observational study included 114 patients who were diagnosed with pneumonia. Clinical data, including prior antibiotic exposure and treatment history, were collected. PCR diagnostics were used to detect resistance genes in respiratory samples. In this study, we evaluated 14 antibiotic resistance genes in pneumonia pathogens, highlighting their diverse resistance mechanisms.
was the most frequently detected gene, appearing in 87 samples (77.3%). Additionally, in 80 samples (70.2%), in 15 samples (13.2%), and in 38 samples (33.3%) were among the most commonly detected genes. In contrast, (7.0%), (8.8%), and (4.4%) genes exhibited a lower prevalence. The gene showed the only significant association with ertapenem resistance (-value = 0.046). Further analysis revealed statistically significant associations between and methicillin resistance ( < 0.001), underscoring its critical role. However, other genes, such as and , showed no significant correlation with the antibiotic resistance patterns of imipenem and meropenem ( > 0.05).
This study demonstrates the utility of PCR-based diagnostics for detecting resistance genes and highlights the critical clinical factors associated with antibiotic resistance in patients with pneumonia. These findings underscore the importance of integrating molecular diagnostics into routine care to improve treatment outcomes and combat the growing threat of antibiotic resistance in Jordan. This highlights PCR's value in guiding effective treatment strategies and addressing multidrug-resistant pneumonia.
引言/目的：抗生素耐药性使得肺炎的治疗具有挑战性。有效的管理依赖于准确的诊断技术来识别耐药基因并定制药物。本研究的主要目的是使用聚合酶链反应（PCR）来鉴定肺炎患者呼吸道样本中的抗生素耐药基因，以确定特定耐药基因的流行情况，并分析导致抗生素耐药性的临床因素，同时为约旦的耐药模式提供可行的见解，并支持改善肺炎管理的努力。
这项回顾性观察研究纳入了114例被诊断为肺炎的患者。收集了包括既往抗生素暴露和治疗史在内的临床数据。采用PCR诊断技术检测呼吸道样本中的耐药基因。在本研究中，我们评估了肺炎病原体中的14种抗生素耐药基因，突出了它们多样的耐药机制。
是最常检测到的基因，出现在87个样本中（77.3%）。此外，在80个样本中（70.2%），在15个样本中（13.2%），以及在38个样本中（33.3%）是最常检测到的基因之一。相比之下，（7.0%）、（8.8%）和（4.4%）基因的流行率较低。基因显示出与厄他培南耐药性的唯一显著关联（-值=0.046）。进一步分析显示与耐甲氧西林之间存在统计学显著关联（<0.001），突出了其关键作用。然而，其他基因，如和，与亚胺培南和美罗培南的抗生素耐药模式没有显著相关性（>0.05）。
本研究证明了基于PCR的诊断技术在检测耐药基因方面的实用性，并突出了与肺炎患者抗生素耐药性相关的关键临床因素。这些发现强调了将分子诊断纳入常规护理以改善治疗结果并应对约旦日益增长的抗生素耐药性威胁的重要性。这突出了PCR在指导有效治疗策略和应对多重耐药性肺炎方面的价值。
