Pavone Valentina, Argote-Vega Francisco Emilio, Butt Waleed, Molina-Hernandez Junior Bernardo, Paludi Domenico, Delgado-Ospina Johannes, Valbonetti Luca, Pérez-Álvarez José Ángel, Chaves-López Clemencia
Deparment of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
IPOA Research Group, Centro de investigación e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental de la UMH (CIAGRO), Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Orihuela, Alicante, Spain.
Foods. 2025 May 21;14(10):1830. doi: 10.3390/foods14101830.
The antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy of two L., essential oils sourced from Colombia (BEOC) and Italy (BEOI), was evaluated against multidrug-resistant fish isolates of subsp. , , and -species for which such activity has not been previously reported. Using a fish-based model system (FBMS), we found that BEOI, rich in linalool (69.86%), exhibited stronger antimicrobial activity than camphor-dominated BEOC (24.61%). The antimicrobial effects of both EOs were strain- and concentration-dependent, with minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) 3.75-15.0 µL/mL for BEOI and 15.0-30.0 µL/mL for BEOC. Pure linalool showed even greater potency (MBC: 0.0125 to 0.025 µL/mL). Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that BEOI induced severe membrane damage (27% of the cells within 1 h), ultimately leading to the death of 96% of the cells after 24 h. Biofilm formation, assessed in both FBMS and tryptone soy broth (TSB), was strain-dependent, with FBMS promoting higher biofilm production than TSB. Moreover, significant differences in biofilm morphotypes were observed, with the morphotype PDAR (pink dry and rough), characterized by only cellulose, being the most frequently exhibited by the strains (7/15), while BDAR (brown dry and rough), characterized by only curli, was the least expressed (7/15); the remaining strains presented morphotype RDAR. In addition, the strains in polystyrene surfaces accumulated more biomass than stainless steel 304. Notably, BEOI and linaool significantly reduced biofilm formation across all strains, with a reduction of 90% in subsp. strains (TJC19 and TJC21. These strains with the RDAR phenotype likely contribute to their strong biofilm-forming capacity. Our findings highlight BEOI's potential as a natural anti-biofilm agent in food processing environments, offering a promising strategy to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria biofilm-related challenges in the food industry.
对从哥伦比亚（BEOC）和意大利（BEOI）获取的两种罗勒属植物精油的抗菌和抗生物膜功效进行了评估，针对此前未报道过此类活性的嗜水气单胞菌亚种、温和气单胞菌以及邻单胞菌属的多重耐药鱼类分离株。使用基于鱼类的模型系统（FBMS），我们发现富含芳樟醇（69.86%）的BEOI表现出比以樟脑为主的BEOC（24.61%）更强的抗菌活性。两种精油的抗菌效果均具有菌株和浓度依赖性，BEOI的最低杀菌浓度（MBC）为3.75 - 15.0 µL/mL，BEOC为15.0 - 30.0 µL/mL。纯芳樟醇显示出更强的效力（MBC：0.0125至0.025 µL/mL）。共聚焦激光扫描显微镜显示，BEOI诱导严重的膜损伤（1小时内27%的细胞），最终导致24小时后96%的细胞死亡。在FBMS和胰蛋白胨大豆肉汤（TSB）中评估生物膜形成，结果表明其具有菌株依赖性，FBMS比TSB促进更高的生物膜产生。此外，观察到生物膜形态型存在显著差异，仅以纤维素为特征的PDAR（粉红色干燥粗糙）形态型是菌株最常表现出的（7/15），而仅以卷曲菌毛为特征的BDAR（棕色干燥粗糙）表现最少（7/15）；其余菌株呈现RDAR形态型。此外，菌株在聚苯乙烯表面积累的生物量比不锈钢304更多。值得注意的是
