infection (CDI) appears mainly as nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and community-acquired infection is increasingly being recognized. The threshold of asymptomatic colonization and the clinical manifestation of CDI need further elucidation. Community-acquired CDI (CA-CDI) should be considered when the disease commences within 48 h of admission to hospital or more than 12 weeks after discharge. Although CDI is not established as a food-borne or zoonotic disease, some data support that direction. The spores' ability to survive standard cooking procedures and on abiotic surfaces, the formation of biofilms, and their survival within biofilms of other bacteria render even a low number of spores capable of food contamination and spread. Adequate enumeration methods for detecting a low number of spores in food have not been developed. Primary care physicians should take CA-CDI into consideration in the differential diagnosis of diarrhea, as there is a thin line between colonization and infection. In patients diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease and other comorbidities, can be the cause of recurrent disease and should be included in the estimation of diarrhea and worsening colitis symptoms. In the community setting, it is difficult to distinguish asymptomatic carriage from true infection. For asymptomatic carriage, antibiotic therapy is not suggested but contact isolation and hand-washing practices are required. Primary healthcare providers should be vigilant and implement infection control policies for the prevention of spread.