Dogs are reservoir hosts of the zoonotic parasite , the causative agent of canine leishmaniosis. Antiparasitic drugs that are commonly used in dogs include allopurinol, miltefosine, and meglumine antimoniate. Treatment success is characterized by an improvement of disease signs, reduction in parasite load, as well as prevention of relapse. However, despite treatment, infections in dogs can usually not be cleared and often lead to (recurrent) signs of disease. Since most of the drugs used in dogs are also applied in human medicine, the prevention of treatment-induced drug-resistant strains is a major one-health concern. This review article provides an overview of current treatment options for -infected dogs with allopurinol, meglumine antimoniate, and miltefosine, related adverse effects, and drug resistance potential.