Bolhuis J J, Johnson M H, Horn G
Dev Psychobiol. 1985 Jul;18(4):299-308. doi: 10.1002/dev.420180403.
Factors affecting the development of filial preferences in chicks were investigated. Four groups of chicks were hatched and maintained in darkness. When the chicks were 20-hr old, three of these groups were exposed to an overhead light ("primed") for .5 h. When 24-hr old, all groups were placed in running wheels for 2 hr. While in the wheels one group was exposed to a visually complex pattern, one group to diffuse overhead light, and the remaining two groups (one primed and one not primed) were in darkness. All chicks were then returned to a dark incubator until their preference for a red box or a stuffed jungle fowl was measured in a simultaneous choice test either 2 hr (Test I) or 24 hr (Test II) later. At Test I the chicks which had been exposed to the complex visual pattern showed a significant preference for the fowl. Chicks in the other groups showed no preference. At Test II all groups showed a significant preference for the fowl. The results of a second experiment suggested that the later emerging preference was related to the chicks experience in the running wheel. It was concluded that the preference for the fowl will develop in entirely dark-reared chicks that are allowed a period of time in a running wheel, but that this preference will appear earlier in chicks which have had experience of a complex visual pattern.
对影响雏鸡形成亲子偏好的因素进行了研究。将四组雏鸡孵化出来并饲养在黑暗环境中。当雏鸡20小时大时，其中三组被置于头顶的灯光下（“启动”）0.5小时。当雏鸡24小时大时，所有组都被放入跑轮中2小时。在跑轮中时，一组暴露于视觉复杂的图案，一组暴露于头顶漫射光，其余两组（一组启动过，一组未启动）处于黑暗中。然后所有雏鸡都被放回黑暗的孵化器中，直到2小时后（测试I）或24小时后（测试II）在同时选择测试中测量它们对红色盒子或填充原鸡的偏好。在测试I中，暴露于复杂视觉图案的雏鸡对原鸡表现出显著偏好。其他组的雏鸡没有表现出偏好。在测试II中，所有组对原鸡都表现出显著偏好。第二个实验的结果表明，后来出现的偏好与雏鸡在跑轮中的经历有关。得出的结论是，在完全黑暗饲养的雏鸡中，如果让它们在跑轮中待一段时间，对原鸡的偏好就会形成，但这种偏好在有复杂视觉图案体验的雏鸡中会更早出现。
