Mukherjee Dip, Ghosh Surajit, Mandal Ahamadul Hoque, Saha Nimai Chandra, Faggio Caterina, Pastorino Paolo, Saha Shubhajit
Department of Zoology, S.B.S. Government College, Hill, West Bengal 733126, India.
Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal, India.
Sci Total Environ. 2025 Jul 10;985:179725. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179725. Epub 2025 May 27.
Insecticides, a subset of pesticides, play a crucial role in enhancing human well-being by combating vector-borne illnesses and safeguarding crops from harmful organisms. Among these, organophosphate insecticides are extensively utilized for agricultural, household, and industrial pest management. Despite their reduced environmental persistence, organophosphates can have adverse effects on non-target species. The widespread and increasing use of these compounds has led to their frequent detection in environmental samples, living organisms, and residential areas across various generations and types. Organophosphate insecticides exhibit high toxicity to a range of animals, including mammals, birds, amphibians, and aquatic life such as fish. This critical review examines the presence, behavior, metabolic processes, and bioavailability of organophosphate insecticides in aquatic environments. Additionally, it discusses biomarkers used to assess the toxic effects of these compounds on fish. The deleterious impacts of organophosphate insecticides on fish encompass oxidative stress and damage, including the generation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation. Other effects include neurological and behavioral abnormalities, developmental issues such as delayed growth and signalling disruptions, biochemical changes in protein, glucose, and enzyme levels, and alterations in blood components like white blood cells, red blood cells, and hemoglobin. Furthermore, these insecticides can affect physiological processes related to metabolism, cause histopathological changes in organs such as the brain, liver, intestine, kidney, heart, muscles, spleen and gills, and induce molecular toxicity, including DNA damage, micronuclei formation, and altered gene or mRNA expression. Reproductive and endocrine disruption, such as interference with pathways and signalling, are also observed. In conclusion, this review emphasizes the substantial and varied toxicological impacts of organophosphate insecticides on fish across multiple biological levels, underscoring the urgent necessity for effective control measures to safeguard aquatic ecosystems.
杀虫剂作为农药的一个子集，在对抗病媒传播疾病和保护作物免受有害生物侵害方面，对提升人类福祉起着至关重要的作用。其中，有机磷杀虫剂被广泛用于农业、家庭和工业害虫管理。尽管有机磷在环境中的持久性有所降低，但它们仍可能对非目标物种产生不利影响。这些化合物的广泛且不断增加的使用，导致它们在不同世代和类型的环境样本、生物以及居民区中频繁被检测到。有机磷杀虫剂对包括哺乳动物、鸟类、两栖动物以及鱼类等水生生物在内的一系列动物具有高毒性。这篇综述性文章研究了有机磷杀虫剂在水生环境中的存在情况、行为、代谢过程以及生物可利用性。此外，还讨论了用于评估这些化合物对鱼类毒性影响的生物标志物。有机磷杀虫剂对鱼类的有害影响包括氧化应激和损伤，如活性氧物种的产生和脂质过氧化。其他影响包括神经和行为异常、发育问题，如生长延迟和信号传导中断、蛋白质、葡萄糖和酶水平的生化变化，以及血液成分如白细胞、红细胞和血红蛋白的改变。此外，这些杀虫剂会影响与新陈代谢相关的生理过程，导致大脑、肝脏、肠道、肾脏、心脏、肌肉、脾脏和鳃等器官出现组织病理学变化，并引发分子毒性，包括DNA损伤、微核形成以及基因或mRNA表达改变。还观察到了生殖和内分泌干扰，如对信号通路的干扰。总之，这篇综述强调了有机磷杀虫剂在多个生物层面上对鱼类具有重大且多样的毒理学影响，凸显了采取有效控制措施以保护水生生态系统的迫切必要性。
