Qureshi Irfan Zia, Bibi Asia, Shahid Sana, Ghazanfar Madiha
Laboratory of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
Laboratory of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
Aquat Toxicol. 2016 Oct;179:103-14. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.08.012. Epub 2016 Aug 18.
Use of pesticides or insecticides can be highly toxic to aquatic life forms due to leaching and agricultural runoff, rains or flood. Fipronil (FP) is a GABA receptor inhibitor, while buprofezin (BPFN) is an insect growth regulator. Presently, we exposed groups of aquaria acclimated carp fish (Cyprinus carpio) for 96h to sub-lethal concentrations of fipronil (400μgL(-1); 9.15×10(-7)molL(-1)) and buprofezin (BPFN, 100mgL(-1); 1.072×10(-6)molL(-1)) singly or in combination. The extent of damage was assessed at biochemical, hematological, molecular biological and histopathological level. Results obtained in treated fish were compared statistically with those of control non-treated fish and also among treatment groups. Significance level was p<0.05. Compared to control, serum total protein and globulin concentrations decreased significantly (p<0.0001) in fish treated with FP; while albumin concentration remained unaltered with all treatments. Glucose concentration decreased significantly (p<0.002) in fish treated with FP. In contrast, combined FP+BPFN treatment and BPFN treatment caused insignificant elevation of glucose concentration. Hematological assessment demonstrated significant decrease in red blood cell and thrombocyte counts, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit percent; while white blood cell count showed an increase in all treatment groups (p<0.0001). Blood smears from pesticide treated fish revealed aberrant erythrocyte morphologies which included necrosis, micronuclear formation and hyperchromatosis. DNA laddering assay carried out on whole blood demonstrated excessive smear formation in combined FP+BPFN and BPFN treatment groups but no smear formation was noticeable in FP treated fish. Compared to control, whole blood DNA content increased significantly in the combined FP+BPFN and BPFN treatment groups (p<0.001 and p<0.009). With all treatments histopathological changes observed in the gills were: epithelial uplifting and necrosis of lamellae, lamellar atrophy, disruption of cartilaginous core, fusion and disorganization of lamellae and telangiectasia. In liver these were: karyorrhexis, hepatocellular hypertrophy, nuclear hypertrophy, melanomacrophage aggregates and central vein contraction, while in the kidney: deterioration of glomerulus and dilatation of Bowman's space, dilatation of renal tubules, thyroidisation, altered tubular lumen, nuclear hypertrophy, cellular atrophy, and cellular necrosis were the outcome. Our study revealed that FP and BPFN produce highly toxic effects on fish when given in combination or singly. To our knowledge, this is the first report on toxicity caused by FP and BPFN in single and combined state.
由于农药或杀虫剂的淋溶以及农业径流、降雨或洪水，其对水生生物可能具有高毒性。氟虫腈（FP）是一种γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）受体抑制剂，而噻嗪酮（BPFN）是一种昆虫生长调节剂。目前，我们将多组经驯化的鲤鱼（Cyprinus carpio）置于水族箱中，使其分别暴露于亚致死浓度的氟虫腈（400μg L⁻¹；9.15×10⁻⁷mol L⁻¹）和噻嗪酮（BPFN，100mg L⁻¹；1.072×10⁻⁶mol L⁻¹）单一处理组或联合处理组中96小时。在生化、血液学、分子生物学和组织病理学水平评估损伤程度。将处理组鱼的实验结果与未处理的对照组鱼的结果进行统计学比较，同时也在各处理组之间进行比较。显著性水平为p<0.05。与对照组相比，经氟虫腈处理的鱼血清总蛋白和球蛋白浓度显著降低（p<0.0001）；而白蛋白浓度在所有处理组中均未改变。经氟虫腈处理的鱼葡萄糖浓度显著降低（p<0.002）。相比之下，氟虫腈与噻嗪酮联合处理组和噻嗪酮处理组导致葡萄糖浓度无显著升高。血液学评估显示红细胞和血小板计数、血红蛋白浓度和血细胞比容百分比显著降低；而白细胞计数在所有处理组中均升高（p<0.0001）。农药处理鱼的血涂片显示红细胞形态异常，包括坏死、微核形成和染色质过深。对全血进行的DNA梯状条带分析表明，氟虫腈与噻嗪酮联合处理组和噻嗪酮处理组出现大量涂片形成，但在氟虫腈处理的鱼中未观察到明显涂片形成。与对照组相比，氟虫腈与噻嗪酮联合处理组和噻嗪酮处理组全血DNA含量显著增加（p<0.001和p<0.009）。在所有处理组中，鳃观察到的组织病理学变化为：上皮隆起、鳃小片坏死、鳃小片萎缩、软骨核心破坏、鳃小片融合和紊乱以及血管扩张。肝脏中的变化为：核碎裂、肝细胞肥大、核肥大、黑色素巨噬细胞聚集和中央静脉收缩，而肾脏中的变化为：肾小球退化、鲍曼氏腔扩张、肾小管扩张、甲状腺样变、肾小管腔改变、核肥大、细胞萎缩和细胞坏死。我们的研究表明，氟虫腈和噻嗪酮单独或联合使用时对鱼类产生高毒性作用。据我们所知，这是关于氟虫腈和噻嗪酮单一及联合状态下毒性的首次报道。
