Wu Kaibin, Liu Fangqi, Lüchtenborg Jörg, Altmann Brigitte, Zhu Pengfei, Wang Feng, Wu Zhe, Li Ping
Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Medical University, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, China.
Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Medical University, China; Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center ‑ University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; G.E.R.N Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.
J Dent. 2025 Sep;160:105855. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2025.105855. Epub 2025 May 27.
The present study investigated how printing angle and layer thickness influence the surface characteristics and initial microbial adhesion to zirconia fabricated via digital light processing (DLP).
A total of 156 zirconia specimens were fabricated and divided into six groups based on two layer thicknesses of 30 and 50 μm and three build angles of 0°, 45°, and 90°. The surface topography and roughness were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and laser scanning microscopy, respectively. The surface wettability was evaluated via water contact angle measurements. The initial adhesion of Streptococcus gordonii (S. gordonii) was assessed by colony-forming unit counts (n = 6). Two specimens per group were fixed, dehydrated, and examined for biofilm observation by scanning electron microscopy. Two-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison tests were conducted. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.
The layer thickness and build angle significantly affected surface roughness (arithmetic mean height, Sa) and water contact angle (degree) values (p < 0.05). SEM analyses revealed that microbial colonies predominantly accumulated in grooves at a 45° build angle. Quantitative assessments demonstrated that printing angle (F=31.68, p < 0.0001) and layer thickness (F=15.74, p = 0.0001) significantly affected S. gordonii adhesion.
Printing layer thickness and build angle significantly influenced DLP-printed zirconia's surface roughness and water contact angle. Furthermore, they significantly impacted the adhesion of S. gordonii to zirconia surfaces.
Proper build angle and layer thickness are crucial for optimizing the surface morphology and roughness of 3D-printed zirconia since they affect microbial adhesion. Optimal zirconia applications, especially for transgingival surfaces, are achieved using a 0° printing angle and minimizing layer thickness, improving the clinical outcomes.
本研究调查了打印角度和层厚如何影响通过数字光处理（DLP）制造的氧化锆的表面特性和初始微生物黏附。
共制作了156个氧化锆标本，并根据30和50μm的两种层厚以及0°、45°和90°的三个构建角度分为六组。分别使用扫描电子显微镜和激光扫描显微镜分析表面形貌和粗糙度。通过测量水接触角评估表面润湿性。通过菌落形成单位计数评估戈登链球菌（S. gordonii）的初始黏附（n = 6）。每组固定两个标本，脱水后通过扫描电子显微镜检查生物膜观察情况。进行双向方差分析和Tukey多重比较检验。统计学显著性设定为p < 0.05。
层厚和构建角度显著影响表面粗糙度（算术平均高度，Sa）和水接触角（度）值（p < 0.05）。扫描电子显微镜分析显示，微生物菌落主要聚集在45°构建角度的凹槽中。定量评估表明，打印角度（F = 31.68，p < 0.0001）和层厚（F = 15.74，p = 0.0001）显著影响戈登链球菌的黏附。
打印层厚和构建角度显著影响DLP打印氧化锆的表面粗糙度和水接触角。此外，它们还显著影响戈登链球菌对氧化锆表面的黏附。
合适的构建角度和层厚对于优化3D打印氧化锆的表面形态和粗糙度至关重要，因为它们会影响微生物黏附。使用0°打印角度并最小化层厚可实现最佳的氧化锆应用，尤其是对于龈下表面，从而改善临床结果。
