The differential transpiration response of plants to stress.

An increase in the frequency and intensity of heat waves, floods, droughts and other environmental stresses, resulting from climate change, is threatening agricultural food production worldwide. Heat waves are especially problematic to grain yields, as the reproductive processes of almost all our main grain crops are highly sensitive to heat. At times, heat waves can occur together with drought, high ozone levels, pathogen infection and/or waterlogging stress that suppress the overall process of plant cooling by transpiration. We recently reported that under conditions of heat and water-deficit stress combination, the stomata on sepals and pods of soybean () remain open, while the stomata on leaves close. This process, termed 'differential transpiration', enabled the cooling of reproductive organs, while leaf temperature increased owing to suppressed transpiration. In this review article, we focus on the impacts on crops of heat waves occurring in isolation and of heat waves combined with drought or waterlogging stress, address the main processes impacted in plants by these stresses and discuss ways to mitigate the negative effects of isolated heat waves and of heat waves that occur together with other stresses (i.e. stress combination), on crops, with a focus on the process of differential transpiration.This article is part of the theme issue 'Crops under stress: can we mitigate the impacts of climate change on agriculture and launch the 'Resilience Revolution'?'.