McDonald Peter, Brown Harry A, Topham Thomas H, Kelly Monica K, Jardine William T, Carr Amelia, Sawka Michael N, Woodward Andrew P, Clark Brad, Périard Julien D
Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Compr Physiol. 2025 Jun;15(3):e70017. doi: 10.1002/cph4.70017.
The integrative influence of heat acclimation (HA) protocol characteristics and approach on adaptation kinetics and exercise capacity/performance in the heat remains unclear. Bayesian multilevel regression models were used to estimate adaptations with the number of exposures, exposure duration, ambient temperature, water vapor pressure, and HA approach (e.g., constant workrate) as predictors. Data from 211 papers were included in meta-analyses with results presented as posterior means and 90% credible intervals. Mean protocol characteristics were as follows: 8 ± 4 exposures, 90 ± 36 min/exposure, 39.1°C ± 4.8°C, and 2.78 ± 0.83 kPa. HA decreased resting (-5 beats·min [-7, -3]) and end-exercise heart rate (-17 beats·min [-19, -14]), resting (-0.19°C [-0.23, -0.14]) and end-exercise core temperature (-0.43°C [-0.48, -0.36]), and expanded plasma volume (5.6% [3.8, 7.0]). HA also lowered exercise metabolic rate (-87 mL·min [-126, -49]), increased whole-body sweat rate (WBSR) (163 mL·h [94, 226]), time to exhaustion (49% [35, 61]) and incremental exercise time (14% [7, 24]), and improved time trial performance (3.1% [1.8, 4.5]). An additional HA exposure increased hemoglobin mass (1.9 g [0.6, 3.2]) and WBSR (9 mL·h [1, 17]), and an additional 15 min/exposure further lowered end-exercise core temperature (-0.04°C [-0.05, -0.03]) and expanded plasma volume (0.4% [0.1, 0.7]). A 5°C increase in ambient temperature further lowered end-exercise HR (-2 beats·min [-3, -1]) and a 1 kPa increase enhanced WBSR (37 mL·h [4, 72]). End-exercise heart rate and core temperature decreased similarly following controlled hyperthermia (-16 beats·min [-18, -14]; -0.43°C [-0.48, -0.36]) and constant workrate HA (-17 beats·min [-18, -16]; -0.45°C [-0.49, -0.42]). HA protocol characteristics influence the adaptive response and may be manipulated to optimize adaptations. A predictor for estimating HA adaptations based on protocol characteristics is available at: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/centres/uc-rise/research/environmental-physiology/exercise-heat-acclimation-predictor.
热适应（HA）方案特征及方法对热环境下适应动力学和运动能力/表现的综合影响尚不清楚。采用贝叶斯多级回归模型，以暴露次数、暴露持续时间、环境温度、水汽压和HA方法（如恒定工作率）作为预测因子来估计适应情况。211篇论文的数据纳入了荟萃分析，结果以贝叶斯后验均值和90%可信区间呈现。平均方案特征如下：8±4次暴露、每次暴露90±36分钟、39.1°C±4.8°C、2.78±0.83kPa。热适应降低了静息心率（-5次·分钟[-7, -3]）和运动结束时心率（-17次·分钟[-19, -14]）、静息核心温度（-0.19°C[-0.23, -0.14]）和运动结束时核心温度（-0.43°C[-0.48, -0.36]），并增加了血浆量（5.6%[3.8, 7.0]）。热适应还降低了运动代谢率（-87毫升·分钟[-126, -49]），增加了全身出汗率（WBSR）（163毫升·小时[94, 226]）、疲劳时间（49%[35, 61]）和递增运动时间（14%[7, 24]），并改善了计时赛表现（3.1%[1.8, 4.5]）。额外一次热适应暴露增加了血红蛋白量（1.9克[0.6, 3.2]）和全身出汗率（9毫升·小时[1, 17]），每次暴露额外增加15分钟进一步降低了运动结束时核心温度（-0.04°C[-0.05, -0.03]）并增加了血浆量（0.4%[0.1, 0.7]）。环境温度升高5°C进一步降低了运动结束时心率（-2次·分钟[-3, -1]），水汽压增加1kPa增强了全身出汗率（37毫升·小时[4, 72]）。在控制性热疗（-16次·分钟[-18, -14]；-0.43°C[-0.48, -0.36]）和恒定工作率热适应（-17次·分钟[-18, -16]；-0.45°C[-0.49, -0.42]）后，运动结束时心率和核心温度的下降情况相似。热适应方案特征影响适应性反应，可对其进行调整以优化适应效果。可通过以下网址获取基于方案特征估计热适应情况的预测因子：https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/centres/uc-rise/research/environmental-physiology/exercise-heat-acclimation-predictor 。
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