A Pioneer of Cardiothoracic Surgery - the Brazilian Northeast Heart Transplant Program.

This review highlights the pivotal milestones in the development of cardiac transplantation and related techniques. Beginning with Alexis Carrel's pioneering work on vascular anastomosis and organ preservation, the narrative progresses through groundbreaking achievements such as John Gibbon's invention of the heart-lung machine in 1953 and James Hardy's daring chimpanzee-to-human heart transplant in 1964. The story culminates in Christiaan Barnard's historic human heart transplant in 1967 and Euryclides Zerbini's leadership in bringing this innovation to Brazil in 1968. Key advancements include the development of orthotopic heart transplantation techniques by Richard Lower and Norman Shumway and the resurgence of heart transplants following the introduction of cyclosporine in 1983, which revolutionized organ rejection management. The collaborative Programa Nordeste de Transplante Cardíaco, initiated in 1986, exemplifies regional innovation in overcoming logistical and financial barriers in Brazil. Recent progress, such as the first successful xenotransplantation using a genetically modified pig heart in 2022, underscores ongoing efforts to address donor shortages and improve transplant outcomes. This narrative is a testament to human ingenuity and perseverance in offering life-saving solutions to end-stage heart disease.