Kochel-Karakulska Jolanta, Maślanko Marta, Woroszyło Marta, Szewczuk Małgorzata, Grygorcewicz Bartłomiej, Fijałkowski Karol
Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów 45, Szczecin, 70-311, Poland.
Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Janickiego 29, Szczecin, 71-270, Poland.
BMC Vet Res. 2025 Jun 2;21(1):394. doi: 10.1186/s12917-025-04680-5.
Staphylococcus (S.) spp. and Mammaliicoccus (M.) spp., in addition to their established role as components of the human and animal microbiota, can also cause opportunistic infections. This study aimed to characterize bacteria recovered from nasal cavities of healthy adult reindeer from two farms located in Poland (15 reindeer) and Germany (15 reindeer). The research include bacteria isolation, species identification, detection of selected superantigen (SAg) genes, assessment of biofilm-forming capability in vitro, and evaluation of antimicrobial resistance.
Seventy-four staphylococci and mammaliicocci from 14 different species were isolated from 30 nasal swabs, with one to four strains obtained from each reindeer. The most frequently identified species was S. equorum, followed by S. succinus, M. sciuri, S. xylosus, M. lentus, S. chromogenes, S. devriesei, M. vitulinus, S. auricularis, S. agnetis, S. edaphicus, S. petrasii, S. simulans, and S. warneri. A greater species diversity was observed among the reindeer from Poland compared to those from Germany. All isolated bacteria were coagulase negative and clumping factor negative and did not carry any of the 21 analyzed SAg genes. M. sciuri demonstrated the highest antimicrobial resistance (100%), followed by S. succinus (91%) and S. equorum (78%). Resistance to rifampicin was the most common (30% strains). Sixteen strains (22%) exhibited biofilm production at least 10% greater than the strong biofilm-forming S. aureus ATCC 6538.
This study reveals a significant knowledge gap regarding the nasal microbiota of reindeer. It contributes to our understanding of staphylococcal and mammaliicoccal biota of reindeer and underscores the necessity for monitoring of microbial populations to assess their health implications for both animals and humans, particularly concerning the zoonotic transmission of bacteria.
葡萄球菌属（S.）和哺乳动物葡萄球菌属（M.）除了作为人和动物微生物群的组成部分这一既定作用外，还可引起机会性感染。本研究旨在对从位于波兰（15只驯鹿）和德国（15只驯鹿）的两个农场的健康成年驯鹿鼻腔中分离出的细菌进行特征描述。研究包括细菌分离、物种鉴定、选定超抗原（SAg）基因的检测、体外生物膜形成能力评估以及抗菌药物耐药性评估。
从30份鼻拭子中分离出74株来自14个不同物种的葡萄球菌和哺乳动物葡萄球菌，每只驯鹿分离出1至4株菌株。最常鉴定出的物种是马胃葡萄球菌，其次是琥珀葡萄球菌、松鼠葡萄球菌、木糖葡萄球菌、迟缓葡萄球菌、产色葡萄球菌、德弗里斯葡萄球菌、猪葡萄球菌、耳葡萄球菌、驯鹿葡萄球菌、土壤葡萄球菌、佩氏葡萄球菌、模仿葡萄球菌和沃氏葡萄球菌。与德国的驯鹿相比，波兰的驯鹿中观察到更大的物种多样性。所有分离出的细菌均为凝固酶阴性和聚集因子阴性，且未携带所分析的21个SAg基因中的任何一个。松鼠葡萄球菌表现出最高的抗菌药物耐药性（100%），其次是琥珀葡萄球菌（91%）和马胃葡萄球菌（78%）。对利福平的耐药性最为常见（30%的菌株）。16株菌株（22%）表现出的生物膜产生量比强生物膜形成菌金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC 6538至少高10%。
本研究揭示了关于驯鹿鼻腔微生物群的重大知识空白。它有助于我们了解驯鹿的葡萄球菌和哺乳动物葡萄球菌生物群，并强调监测微生物种群以评估其对动物和人类健康影响的必要性，特别是关于细菌的人畜共患病传播。
