Indigenizing fungal biotechnology for planetary health: an opinion paper.

New fungal biotechnologies are advancing applied and conservation mycology to support global regenerative outcomes for natural and human systems. Here, we propose the Applied and Conservation Mycology Framework to align fungal biotechnology and Indigenous Knowledge Systems in support of planetary health, "the health of human civilization and the state of the natural systems it depends on." The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KM-GBF) adopted at the 2022 United Nations Biodiversity Conference is humanity's best effort at reconciling the sustainable development of all societies and biodiversity loss while reaffirming the rights of Indigenous Peoples (IPs). Through Indigenous Data Sovereignty (IDSov) and Governance (IDGov), fungal biotechnologies could help address all 23 KM-GBF Targets. In this opinion paper, we apply Indigenous relational science and knowledge systems to explore how advancements in fungal biotechnology and digital technology enable Indigenous Peoples to develop, practice, and govern fungal biotechnologies for applied and conservation mycology. We focus on the Kara & Kichwa Nations, Indigenous Peoples of Ecuador, the Cultural Mountain of Andea, and the Cultural Rainforest of Amazonia. The ACMF centers on fungal biotechnological innovation by Indigenous Peoples and their participation in the global bioeconomy in the service of planetary health and all 23 KM-GBF Targets. We offer a starting point for envisioning future fungal technologies developed by Indigenous Peoples and in service of planetary health.