Bhowmick Sramana, Banerjee Saptak, Shridhar Viji, Mondal Susmita
Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India.
Department of Immunoregulation & Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, SP Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, 700026, West Bengal, India.
Mol Cancer. 2025 Jun 3;24(1):161. doi: 10.1186/s12943-025-02337-3.
Ferroptosis, the non-apoptotic, iron-dependent form of cell death is an unavoidable outcome and byproduct of cellular metabolism. Reactive oxygen species generation during metabolic activities transcends to Fe-induced lipid peroxidation, leading to ferroptosis. Cancer cells being highly metabolic are more prone to ferroptosis. However, their neoplastic nature enables them to bypass ferroptosis and become ferroptosis-resistant. The capability of cancer cells to reprogram its metabolic activities is one of its finest abilities to abort oxidative damage, and hence ferroptosis. Moreover, the reprogrammed metabolism of cancer cells, also associates with the radical trapping antioxidant systems to enhance the scavenging of ferroptosis and thereby tumor progression. Additionally, the TME, which is an inevitable part and regulator of carcinogenesis, presents an intricate cooperation with tumor metabolism to build an immuno-metabolic environment to regulate the sustenance of cell proliferation and survival. This review focuses on the current understanding of ferroptosis in carcinogenesis and its resistance acquired by cancer cells via several modulators including the radical trapping antioxidant systems, the reprogrammed metabolism, the TME, and intertwined role of cancer metabolism and tumor immunity. The reprogrammed metabolism section further comprehends the functional role of lipids, iron and glucose metabolism against ferroptosis defense separately. The affiliation of TME in ferroptosis regulation is further sectioned with reference to different immune cells present within the TME such as tumor-associated macrophages, tumor-infiltrating neutrophils, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, T-cells, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and B-cells, modifying the TME in both pro and anti-tumorigenic manner. Subsequently, this review also discusses the convergence of immuno-metabolic environment in ferroptosis regulation, and eventually brings up research gaps in this context providing consequential and significant questions to explore for better understanding of the immuno-metabolic environment's role in driving ferroptosis resistance for anti-cancer treatment progress.
铁死亡是一种非凋亡性、铁依赖性的细胞死亡形式,是细胞代谢不可避免的结果和副产物。代谢活动中产生的活性氧会转化为铁诱导的脂质过氧化,从而导致铁死亡。癌细胞代谢高度活跃,更容易发生铁死亡。然而,它们的肿瘤性质使它们能够绕过铁死亡,变得对铁死亡具有抗性。癌细胞重新编程其代谢活动的能力是其消除氧化损伤从而避免铁死亡的最佳能力之一。此外,癌细胞重新编程的代谢还与自由基捕获抗氧化系统相关联,以增强对铁死亡的清除作用,从而促进肿瘤进展。另外,肿瘤微环境是致癌过程中不可避免的一部分和调节因子,它与肿瘤代谢呈现出复杂的协同作用,构建免疫代谢环境来调节细胞增殖和存活的维持。本综述重点阐述了目前对铁死亡在致癌过程中的理解,以及癌细胞通过多种调节因子获得的铁死亡抗性,这些调节因子包括自由基捕获抗氧化系统、重新编程的代谢、肿瘤微环境以及癌症代谢与肿瘤免疫的相互交织作用。重新编程的代谢部分进一步分别阐述了脂质、铁和葡萄糖代谢在抵抗铁死亡防御中的功能作用。肿瘤微环境在铁死亡调节中的关联进一步根据肿瘤微环境中存在的不同免疫细胞进行划分,如肿瘤相关巨噬细胞、肿瘤浸润中性粒细胞、髓源性抑制细胞、T细胞、自然杀伤细胞、树突状细胞和B细胞,它们以促肿瘤和抗肿瘤的方式改变肿瘤微环境。随后,本综述还讨论了免疫代谢环境在铁死亡调节中的融合,最终提出了这方面的研究空白,提供了相关且重要的问题以供探索,以便更好地理解免疫代谢环境在驱动铁死亡抗性以促进抗癌治疗进展中的作用。
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