Framework Membranes for Aqueous Batteries: From Microporous, Mesoporous to Macroporous Structures.

To pursue high safety and more affordable energy storage systems, aqueous batteries (ABs) have become a promising contender. Nevertheless, critical challenges persist in diverse AB systems for large-scale applications, including dendrite growth, ion shuttle effects, hydrogen evolution, and corrosion. Notably, owing to the high specific surface area, tunable pore size, and easy multifunctionalization, framework membranes have garnered significant attention as key components for enhancing the performance of ABs. In this context, it is necessary to summarize and discuss the precise pore architecture design of framework membranes in regulating the ionic conductivity and selectivity, to gain an in-depth and comprehensive understanding. The categorization from microporous, mesoporous, to macroporous framework membranes aims to rationally evaluate the structure-performance relationships. Finally, perspectives on the potential applications of framework membranes in ABs are discussed, offering valuable insights for future research and development.