Ma Lingli, Zhang Xuejiao, Li Zimeng, Wang Qing
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2025 May 21;16:1549945. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1549945. eCollection 2025.
Diabetes mellitus often results in vascular complications, significantly impacting patients' well-being. This review focuses on the role of immune cells in these complications, examining their mechanisms, biomarkers, and treatment strategies. Immune cells, including macrophages, T cells, and B cells, contribute to the development of both macrovascular and microvascular complications by secreting inflammatory factors and modulating immune responses. For instance, in diabetic coronary artery disease, macrophages form foam cells and promote inflammation, whereas in diabetic nephropathy, an imbalance in T-cell subsets exacerbates the condition. Novel immune-related biomarkers, such as soluble cytokine receptors and specific microRNAs, offer new avenues for early diagnosis and monitoring. Current treatments focus on inflammation and oxidative stress, while emerging therapies, including stem cell treatment and precision medicine, show promise but also present challenges. This review systematically summarizes and analyzes pertinent research. Its significance lies in synthesizing current research findings, identifying knowledge gaps, and providing guidance for future basic research and clinical practice. By elucidating the critical role of immune cells in diabetic vascular complications, it aids in the development of new therapeutic targets and more effective treatment strategies. Moreover, the exploration of novel biomarkers opens up the possibility of early disease intervention, and the review of the current treatment landscape and challenges encourages clinicians to make more rational treatment decisions. Overall, the aim is to enhance patients' prognoses, alleviate the medical burden, and advance progress in diabetes treatment.
糖尿病常导致血管并发症，严重影响患者的健康。本综述聚焦免疫细胞在这些并发症中的作用，研究其机制、生物标志物和治疗策略。免疫细胞，包括巨噬细胞、T细胞和B细胞，通过分泌炎症因子和调节免疫反应，促成大血管和微血管并发症的发生发展。例如，在糖尿病冠状动脉疾病中，巨噬细胞形成泡沫细胞并促进炎症，而在糖尿病肾病中，T细胞亚群失衡会使病情加重。新型免疫相关生物标志物，如可溶性细胞因子受体和特定的微小RNA，为早期诊断和监测提供了新途径。目前的治疗集中在炎症和氧化应激方面，而新兴疗法，包括干细胞治疗和精准医学，虽显示出前景，但也带来了挑战。本综述系统地总结和分析了相关研究。其意义在于综合当前研究结果，找出知识空白，并为未来的基础研究和临床实践提供指导。通过阐明免疫细胞在糖尿病血管并发症中的关键作用，有助于开发新的治疗靶点和更有效的治疗策略。此外，对新型生物标志物的探索为疾病的早期干预提供了可能，对当前治疗现状和挑战的综述促使临床医生做出更合理的治疗决策。总体而言，目的是改善患者预后，减轻医疗负担，并推动糖尿病治疗取得进展。
