Salonen Roope, Garoushi Sufyan, Vallittu Pekka, Lassila Lippo
Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterial Center (TCBC), Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
Wellbeing Services County of South-West Finland, Turku, Finland.
Biomater Investig Dent. 2025 May 2;12:43584. doi: 10.2340/biid.v12.43584. eCollection 2025.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanical, surface, and optical properties of two 3D-printed crown and bridge resins (CROWNTEC and Temp PRINT). Additionally, the study assessed the effects of printing orientation and accelerated hydrothermal aging on their mechanical properties.
Specimens were 3D-printed using digital light processing technology (Asiga MAX™). Mechanical properties, including flexural strength (FS), compressive strength, and fracture toughness (FT), were determined for each material following ISO standards. Three printing orientations (0°, 45°, and 90°) were used for fabricating 3-point bending specimens. Surface hardness was evaluated using a Vickers indenter. Two-body wear tests were conducted using a ball-on-flat configuration in a chewing simulator with 15,000 cycles, and wear depth was measured with a non-contact 3D optical profilometer. Disk-shaped specimens ( = 5/material) were prepared to measure translucency parameter, gloss and light penetration. For gloss measurement, specimens underwent laboratory-machine polishing (4,000-grit abrasive paper) and chairside two-step hand polishing (Top Dent DiaComposite). Posterior composite crowns ( = 10/material) were fabricated and subjected to cyclic fatigue aging (5,000 cycles at Fmax = 150 N) before quasi-static loading to fracture. The microstructure of each material was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test.
Hydrothermal aging, printing orientation, and material type significantly affected the FS values ( < 0.05). Temp PRINT showed superior FS (129 MPa) and FT (1.3 MPa m) compared to CROWNTEC (102 MPa, 0.9 MPa m), particularly at 0° orientation. Gloss measurements revealed no significant differences between materials ( > 0.05) across used polishing systems. SEM analysis demonstrated differences in microstructure between the materials.
Temp PRINT demonstrated superior mechanical performance compared to CROWNTEC, which exhibited higher translucency values. The printing orientation was identified as a critical parameter influencing the mechanical properties and overall performance of 3D printed restorations.
本研究旨在评估两种3D打印冠桥树脂（CROWNTEC和Temp PRINT）的机械性能、表面性能和光学性能。此外，该研究还评估了打印方向和加速水热老化对其机械性能的影响。
使用数字光处理技术（Asiga MAX™）3D打印试样。按照ISO标准测定每种材料的机械性能，包括弯曲强度（FS）、抗压强度和断裂韧性（FT）。使用三种打印方向（0°、45°和90°）制作三点弯曲试样。使用维氏压头评估表面硬度。在咀嚼模拟器中采用球-平面配置进行两体磨损试验，循环次数为15000次，并用非接触式3D光学轮廓仪测量磨损深度。制备盘形试样（每种材料n = 5）以测量半透明参数、光泽度和光穿透率。对于光泽度测量，试样先进行实验室机器抛光（4000目砂纸），然后在椅旁进行两步手工抛光（Top Dent DiaComposite）。制作后牙复合树脂冠（每种材料n = 10），在准静态加载至断裂前进行循环疲劳老化（在Fmax = 150 N下循环5000次）。使用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析每种材料的微观结构。数据采用方差分析和Tukey's HSD检验进行统计学分析。
水热老化、打印方向和材料类型对FS值有显著影响（P < 0.05）。与CROWNTEC（102 MPa，0.9 MPa·m）相比，Temp PRINT表现出更高的FS（129 MPa）和FT（1.3 MPa·m），特别是在0°方向。在使用的抛光系统中，材料之间的光泽度测量结果无显著差异（P > 0.05）。SEM分析表明材料之间的微观结构存在差异。
与CROWNTEC相比，Temp PRINT表现出更优异的机械性能，而CROWNTEC具有更高的半透明值。打印方向被确定为影响3D打印修复体机械性能和整体性能的关键参数。
