Al-Hamadani Moosa, Darweesh Mahmoud, Mohammadi Saeed, Al-Harrasi Ahmed
Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Ad Dakhiliyah, Oman.
World J Biol Chem. 2025 Jun 5;16(2):107042. doi: 10.4331/wjbc.v16.i2.107042.
Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), originally developed as antimalarial drugs, have found a new purpose in treating various autoimmune diseases due to their immunomodulatory properties. These drugs work through multiple mechanisms, including inhibiting Toll-like receptor signaling, suppressing antigen presentation, and modulating autophagy. This review article provides a comprehensive analysis of the immunomodulatory effects of CQ and HCQ in several autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, and others. We delve into the intricate mechanisms of action, highlighting the key immune cells involved and discussing the clinical implications of these drugs in managing autoimmune conditions. Our review covers the latest research and clinical trials, offering a comprehensive understanding of the therapeutic potential of CQ and HCQ in autoimmune diseases. We also discuss the challenges and controversies surrounding the use of these drugs, such as their long-term side effects and the need for personalized treatment approaches. By synthesizing current knowledge and identifying areas for future research, this review aims to provide a valuable resource for healthcare professionals and researchers involved in the management of autoimmune diseases.
氯喹（CQ）和羟氯喹（HCQ）最初作为抗疟药物开发，因其免疫调节特性而在治疗各种自身免疫性疾病方面找到了新用途。这些药物通过多种机制发挥作用，包括抑制Toll样受体信号传导、抑制抗原呈递和调节自噬。这篇综述文章全面分析了CQ和HCQ在几种自身免疫性疾病中的免疫调节作用，如系统性红斑狼疮、类风湿性关节炎、系统性硬化症等。我们深入探讨了其复杂的作用机制，突出了涉及的关键免疫细胞，并讨论了这些药物在管理自身免疫性疾病方面的临床意义。我们的综述涵盖了最新的研究和临床试验，全面阐述了CQ和HCQ在自身免疫性疾病中的治疗潜力。我们还讨论了围绕这些药物使用的挑战和争议，如它们的长期副作用以及个性化治疗方法的必要性。通过综合当前知识并确定未来研究领域，本综述旨在为参与自身免疫性疾病管理的医疗专业人员和研究人员提供有价值的资源。
