Fear the fear: the historical analogies of COVID-19 in US-China relations.

The impacts of the novel coronavirus (hereafter COVID-19) pose one of the greatest crises of our generation. The policy decisions that the US and Chinese governments take will shape the current order of international relations, the global supply chain of medical supplies, and US-China relations. The COVID-19 crisis leads to the empirical puzzles: how do the two great world powers construct their narratives on the global pandemic and toward each other? What are the meanings, if any, of fear in US-China relations? This study explores the narrative of fear that is constituted in the US and China discourse. The historical analogies, such as the Boxer Indemnity, sick man of Asia, and Pearl Harbor attack, offer great examples to the political construction of the "fearful" other through specific representations amid the outbreak of COVID-19. Specifically, they have become the "cultural scripts" that define how they interact and who they are. The article proceeds as follows. First, this study examines the current literature of realism, constructivism, and discourse analysis. Second, it proposes a comparative framework for understanding the expressions of fear and threat perceptions for both countries. Specifically, the "Pearl Harbor Moment" from the US, and "the Boxer Indemnity" from the Chinese government substantially shape the landscape of US-China relations. Third, it highlights how the political elites appropriate these historical analogies in constructing their political identities and offers insights into the future of US-China relations. Finally, this article concludes with thoughts on the studies on the struggle of great powers and implications for pandemic politics.