BACKGROUND

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic immune-mediated disease affecting the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, regarded as a potentially malignant disorder.

METHODS

We performed a narrative review of the literature compiling key hypotheses on the etiopathogenesis of OLP, addressing recently raised aspects and questions yet to be elucidated.

RESULTS

The etiopathogenesis of OLP is complex and not fully understood, with evidence suggesting a multifactorial cause. Lesions appear to be triggered by the recognition of one or more antigens, provoking a dysregulated T-cell-mediated immune response against oral keratinocytes. Genetic and environmental factors significantly influence the orchestration of various immune and non-immune cells, cytokines, and molecules involved in this pathological process.

CONCLUSIONS

Understanding recent theories on the etiopathogenesis of OLP is crucial forguiding future research on its diagnosis and treatment, as well as on preventing its malignant transformation.