Hastall Matthias R, Scherenberg Viviane
Fakultät Rehabilitationswissenschaften, Fachgebiet Qualitative Forschungsmethoden und strategische Kommunikation für Gesundheit, Inklusion und Teilhabe, Technische Universität Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Str. 50, 44227 Dortmund, Deutschland.
Fachbereich Public Health und Umweltgesundheit, APOLLON Hochschule der Gesundheitswirtschaft GmbH, Universitätsallee 18, 28359 Bremen, Deutschland.
Pravent Gesundh. 2022 Jun 20:1-7. doi: 10.1007/s11553-022-00960-2.
During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, resistance against demonstrably effective preventive measures were frequently observed. Such "reactance," characterized by anger and negative cognitions, is experienced (according to psychological reactance theory) when a threat to subjectively important freedoms or attempts to change attitudes or behaviors is perceived.
This paper discusses the role of defensive processes in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of an evidence-based and defense-sensitive risk and crisis communication. Triggers and influencing factors of defensive processes are discussed, as well as techniques for minimizing these unwanted reactions.
Defensive reactions should always be anticipated, at least to some extent, but can be reduced through a defense-sensitive communication design. This includes a professional presentation, a respectful and stigma-sensitive approach, positive and efficacy-bolstering information, and by avoiding emotionally overwhelming information such as strong negative emotional appeals or strong loss framings.
Communicators should be aware that defensive reactions can be triggered as well as minimized through certain features of risk communication. A consistent, clear, and tailored communication approach is needed to reduce uncertainties, defensiveness, and irritation.
在2019年冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行期间，经常观察到对明显有效的预防措施的抵触情绪。根据心理抵触理论，当主观上重要的自由受到威胁或试图改变态度或行为时，就会产生这种以愤怒和负面认知为特征的“抵触情绪”。
本文从基于证据且对防御敏感的风险与危机沟通角度，探讨防御过程在COVID-19大流行背景下的作用。讨论了防御过程的触发因素和影响因素，以及将这些不良反应降至最低的技巧。
防御反应至少在一定程度上总是可以预见的，但可以通过对防御敏感的沟通设计来减少。这包括专业的表述、尊重且对污名敏感的方法、积极且增强效能的信息，以及避免使用如强烈的负面情感诉求或强烈的损失框架等情感上压倒性的信息。
沟通者应意识到，防御反应既可能被风险沟通的某些特征触发，也可以通过这些特征降至最低。需要一种一致、清晰且量身定制的沟通方法来减少不确定性、防御性和愤怒情绪。
