Dietary composition and overlap between cattle and endangered mountain gazelle (Gazella gazella).

Israel's Mediterranean biogeographical region is characterized by high habitat diversity and stark seasonal changes in forage composition, availability and quality. Managers of protected areas in this region advocate livestock ranching to mitigate fire risk and enhance conservation merits. However, competition between livestock and endangered, native ungulates in these areas might impair their functioning as refugia. We used fecal DNA metabarcoding to study the diets of native mountain gazelles (Gazella gazella) and domestic cattle (Bos taurus), in two nature reserves with distinct vegetation types (shrubland vs grassland), and during different seasons. Dietary overlap was ubiquitously low, and seasonal changes in the diets of both ungulates translated into differences in their dietary overlap, with the highest overlap found in grassland during winter. This generally low overlap may be attributed to the extreme differences in their body size or may also result from long-lasting sympatry of gazelles and cattle - first wild and later domesticated-shaping a robust dietary separation. Yet, since cattle biomass is typically much higher than gazelles', a low dietary overlap in key food items of gazelles may result in their depletion which might negatively affect gazelles, especially during the fawning season and drought years. Our results highlight the need to cover diverse conditions when studying herbivore dietary composition and overlap.