Singh Hemant, Tuffaha Muath, Tripathi Shivi, Öztürk Ayça Bal, Dave Harshil, Dhanka Mukesh, Avci Huseyin, Nanda Himansu Sekhar, Hassan Shabir
Department of Biological Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates; Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates.
Department of Biological Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates.
Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2025 Jun 9;224:115636. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2025.115636.
Drug delivery is a process to deliver the required amount of a drug to a target site within an appropriate timeframe, while minimizing possible side effects and maximizing efficiency. This is accomplished by drug delivery systems (DDSs), which are platforms composed of natural and/or synthetic materials that carry drugs or bioactive agents at a particular site or throughout a patient's body via oral, transdermal, topical, intravenous, or intramuscular routes to minimize the drug's toxicity and provide desired therapeutic effects without affecting the patient's healthy cells, tissues or organs. Despite significant advancements, drug delivery still faces numerous scientific, technological, and clinical challenges, such as poor drug bioavailability, unstable loading efficiency, lack of site-specificity, undesired prolonged delivery of drugs. Issues such as drug stability, limitations in achieving controlled and sustained release, long-term unwanted toxicity, and patient compliance are also common challenges in the field. In recent years, researchers have created 'Metamaterials', which exploit the advancements in fabrication and 3D printing technology to exhibit complex characteristics and customizable architecture that are not otherwise naturally present in a material. These properties provide a precision control over drug release kinetics, targeting, and efficiency by precise manipulation of interactions at the nanoscale. This review explores the potential of metamaterials in developing advanced DDSs with exceptional precision and efficacy, via materials selection, design considerations, fabrication challenges, and optimization strategies for 3D printing of these materials. We provide an overview of their recent application in drug delivery tackling the challenges associated with release systems, including sustained, pulsatile, and on-demand delivery modalities. Targeted delivery, theranostic applications, and regenerative medicine, are also explored. We believe this review will inspire further research and development in this burgeoning field by highlighting the challenges associated with their biocompatibility, scalability, manufacturing considerations, and hurdles or opportunities in translation, ultimately leading to transformative advancements in personalized medicine and healthcare.
药物递送是一个在适当时间范围内将所需剂量的药物递送至靶部位的过程，同时将可能的副作用降至最低并使效率最大化。这通过药物递送系统（DDS）来实现，该系统是由天然和/或合成材料组成的平台，通过口服、透皮、局部、静脉内或肌肉内途径在特定部位或患者体内携带药物或生物活性剂，以将药物的毒性降至最低，并在不影响患者健康细胞、组织或器官的情况下提供所需的治疗效果。尽管取得了重大进展，但药物递送仍面临众多科学、技术和临床挑战，如药物生物利用度差、负载效率不稳定、缺乏位点特异性、药物的非预期长期递送。药物稳定性、实现控释和缓释的局限性、长期的不良毒性以及患者依从性等问题也是该领域常见的挑战。近年来，研究人员创造了“超材料”，利用制造和3D打印技术的进步展现出复杂特性和可定制结构，而这些特性在其他材料中并非天然存在。这些特性通过在纳米尺度上精确操纵相互作用，实现对药物释放动力学、靶向性和效率的精确控制。本综述通过材料选择、设计考量、制造挑战以及这些材料的3D打印优化策略，探讨了超材料在开发具有卓越精度和疗效的先进DDS方面的潜力。我们概述了它们最近在药物递送中的应用，应对与释放系统相关的挑战，包括持续、脉冲和按需递送模式。还探讨了靶向递送、治疗诊断应用和再生医学。我们相信，本综述将通过强调与它们的生物相容性、可扩展性、制造考量以及转化中的障碍或机遇相关的挑战，激发这个新兴领域的进一步研究和开发，最终在个性化医学和医疗保健方面带来变革性进展。
