Ethical, Legal and Social Issues in Utilizing In Vitro Gametogenesis (IVG) and Stem Cell-Based Embryo Models (SCBEMs) for Human Reproduction in Singapore.

Singapore is a small, affluent and technologically advanced city-state located in Southeast Asia. Due to its lack of natural resources, this country relies heavily on its highly educated and skilled workforce to drive its economic engine. However, in recent years, Singapore has been facing a demographic crunch due to its ultra-low fertility rate and rapidly aging population, which poses an existential threat to its survival as a nation-state. The advent of new reproductive technologies such as In Vitro Gametogenesis (IVG) and Stem Cell-Based Embryo Models (SCBEMs) may thus provide novel fertility treatment options for local patients, which may possibly alleviate Singapore's ultra-low birthrate. Nevertheless, these new technology platforms also raise various controversial ethical, legal and social issues. It is anticipated that the application of SCBEMs (also known as synthetic embryos) in human reproduction will likely be banned because these entities are viewed as human clones. Conversely, IVG technology is expected to receive approval in Singapore for a narrow range of applications in human clinical assisted reproduction, as it seeks to recapitulate the natural process of human sexual reproduction and is more aligned with Singapore's family laws and sociocultural values. It is anticipated that IVG will be permitted for the treatments of primary infertility and age-related female infertility, facilitating transgender and intersex parenthood and preventing the transmission of genetic diseases. However, the applications of IVG in posthumous reproduction, mass production of donor gametes, genetic enhancement of offspring, same-sex, solo- and multiplex-parenthood, will likely be banned.