Deb Amal Kanti, Hassan Masud, Biswas Bhabananda, Naidu Ravi, Xi Yunfei, Rahman Mohammad Mahmudur
Institute of Leather Engineering and Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; crcCARE Pty Ltd, ATC Building, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2025 Aug 10;989:179771. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179771. Epub 2025 Jun 11.
Halloysite is considered a promising natural clay mineral due to its unique multi-rolled tubular structure (nanotubes), tunable surface properties, high aspect ratio, and natural abundance. Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) have attracted significant interest for being used as support material for other active chemical agents. The resultant functional materials can be effectively used in wastewater treatment. This review focuses on the utilization of HNTs to enhance the efficacy of functional materials in the remediation of environmental pollutants from wastewater. HNTs are readily modifiable with various functional agents, such as nanoparticles, polymers, surfactants, enzymes, oxidants and reductants, and nano‑carbon materials. This is due to their large surface area, distinctive cylindrical shape, mesoporous interior, surface and sub-surface active sites, and exceptional compatibility with living organisms. As a result, HNTs-supported material can improve its adsorption capacity, catalytic activity, and selectivity toward persistent and non-persistent contaminants. This review discusses different nanomaterials (e.g., metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, nanoclusters) and their HNTs-based nanohybrids, emphasizing their multifunctional performances and eco-friendly aspects in remediation technology. However, most of the chemical modifications of HNTs rely on using synthetic surfactants, polymers, and ligands. While HNT itself is biocompatible, the risk of leaching of these chemicals and their direct exposure to the whole composite may pose secondary risk to the natural environment during in-situ application. However, functionalization of HNTs in a more eco-friendly manner could minimize that risk, resulting in achieving sustainable water remediation. The functionalization of HNTs is discussed in detail to provide a comprehensive understanding of sustainable wastewater management. Additionally, this review addresses the issue of non-specific secondary pollution caused by modified HNTs with an emphasis on minimizing environmental impact. Further, the limitations of HNTs-based nanocomposites in real-world wastewater treatment are identified, and recommendations are provided.
埃洛石因其独特的多卷曲管状结构（纳米管）、可调节的表面性质、高长径比和天然丰度，被认为是一种很有前景的天然粘土矿物。埃洛石纳米管（HNTs）作为其他活性化学试剂的载体材料引起了广泛关注。由此产生的功能材料可有效地用于废水处理。本综述重点关注利用HNTs提高功能材料在去除废水中环境污染物方面的功效。HNTs易于用各种功能试剂进行改性，如纳米颗粒、聚合物、表面活性剂、酶、氧化剂和还原剂以及纳米碳材料。这是由于它们具有大的表面积、独特的圆柱形形状、中孔内部、表面和次表面活性位点以及与生物体的特殊相容性。因此，HNTs负载材料可以提高其对持久性和非持久性污染物的吸附能力、催化活性和选择性。本综述讨论了不同的纳米材料（如金属和金属氧化物纳米颗粒、纳米团簇）及其基于HNTs的纳米杂化物，强调了它们在修复技术中的多功能性能和生态友好方面。然而，HNTs的大多数化学改性依赖于使用合成表面活性剂、聚合物和配体。虽然HNT本身具有生物相容性，但这些化学物质的浸出风险以及它们直接暴露于整个复合材料中，可能在原位应用过程中对自然环境造成二次风险。然而，以更生态友好的方式对HNTs进行功能化可以将这种风险降至最低，从而实现可持续的水修复。详细讨论了HNTs的功能化，以全面理解可持续废水管理。此外，本综述还讨论了改性HNTs引起的非特异性二次污染问题，重点是尽量减少环境影响。此外，还确定了基于HNTs的纳米复合材料在实际废水处理中的局限性，并提出了建议。
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