Salvato Richard Steiner
Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Curr Res Microb Sci. 2025 May 19;8:100406. doi: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2025.100406. eCollection 2025.
Oropouche fever is a viral infectious disease caused by the Oropouche virus (OROV), primarily transmitted by the biting midge . Historically considered endemic to the Amazon region, particularly in Brazil, Peru, and Ecuador, Oropouche fever has resulted in an estimated 500,000 recorded infections. However, its true burden has remained largely unknown for over seven decades, serving as a classic example of a neglected tropical disease. In 2024, however, OROV rapidly expanded beyond its traditional Amazonian hotspots, spreading across Brazil and into other parts of South and Central America. Imported cases have also been reported in North America and Europe, underscoring its emergence as an escalating global public health concern. This literature review explores the historical epidemiology of Oropouche fever while shedding light on its rising public health relevance and emerging clinical challenges. The ongoing 2023-2025 outbreak has significantly affected Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Cuba, and Panama and is linked to a novel reassortant OROV lineage that originated in the Brazilian Amazon. This new lineage has since established transmission chains throughout South and Central America, with international spread likely driven by increased human mobility and air travel. As of early 2025, over 23,000 confirmed cases have been reported worldwide, including five fatalities and clear evidence of viral expansion into previously unaffected regions. Alongside this viral geographic spread, OROV infection is increasingly associated with severe clinical outcomes, including Guillain-Barré syndrome and vertical transmission leading to miscarriage and congenital anomalies. The ongoing outbreak OROV reassortant lineage also demonstrates increased virulence, immune evasion, and enhanced viral fitness, likely contributing to their epidemic potential. Despite advances in surveillance during the current outbreak, critical gaps remain, including the absence of a standardized global lineage classification system, underscoring the urgent need for strengthened genomic surveillance, deeper insights into pathogenesis, expanded vector competence research, and innovative strategies for disease and vector control.
奥罗普切热是一种由奥罗普切病毒（OROV）引起的病毒性传染病，主要通过蠓叮咬传播。奥罗普切热历史上被认为是亚马逊地区的地方病，特别是在巴西、秘鲁和厄瓜多尔，据估计有50万例有记录的感染病例。然而，在七十多年的时间里，其真实负担在很大程度上仍不为人知，是被忽视热带病的典型例子。然而，在2024年，OROV迅速蔓延至其传统的亚马逊热点地区之外，扩散到巴西并蔓延至南美洲和中美洲的其他地区。在北美和欧洲也报告了输入性病例，这凸显了它已成为一个日益严重的全球公共卫生问题。这篇文献综述探讨了奥罗普切热的历史流行病学，同时阐明了其不断上升的公共卫生相关性以及新出现的临床挑战。正在发生的2023 - 2025年疫情已严重影响巴西、秘鲁、玻利维亚、古巴和巴拿马，并且与一种起源于巴西亚马逊地区的新型重组OROV谱系有关。自那以来，这个新谱系在南美洲和中美洲建立了传播链，国际传播可能是由人类流动性增加和航空旅行推动的。截至2025年初，全球已报告超过两万三千例确诊病例，包括五例死亡病例，并且有明确证据表明病毒已扩散到以前未受影响的地区。除了这种病毒的地理扩散，OROV感染越来越多地与严重的临床后果相关，包括吉兰 - 巴雷综合征以及导致流产和先天性异常的垂直传播。正在发生的OROV重组谱系疫情还显示出毒力增加、免疫逃逸和病毒适应性增强，这可能促成了它们的流行潜力。尽管在当前疫情期间监测工作取得了进展，但关键差距仍然存在，包括缺乏标准化的全球谱系分类系统，这凸显了加强基因组监测、深入了解发病机制、扩大媒介能力研究以及创新疾病和媒介控制策略的迫切需求。
