Association of Traumatic Brain Injury with Subsequent Psychiatric and Neurological Conditions: A Meta-Analysis.

This research aims to evaluate the association between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the development of subsequent neurological and psychiatric disorders. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed for studies published from 1995 to 2012. Fifty-seven studies were included based on predefined inclusion criteria. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers, and pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% "confidence intervals (CIs)" were calculated using random-effects models. Subgroup analyses based on TBI severity and time intervals between injury and diagnosis were performed. The pooled OR for TBI and the development of any neurological or psychiatric disorder was 1.69 (95% CI 1.46-1.95). TBI increased the risk for neurological disorders (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.32-1.85) and psychiatric disorders (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.52-2.70). Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, bipolar disorder, and depression were all significantly associated with TBI. TBI is a significant risk factor for the development of both neurological and psychiatric disorders. The findings highlight the importance of long-term monitoring of TBI patients to mitigate adverse outcomes and emphasize the need for preventive strategies. Clinical Relevance: This analysis underscores the need for interdisciplinary approaches to manage and prevent long-term complications in TBI survivors.