Jiang Nan, Guo Jiasen, Guo Zhangpeng, Lv Zhengqing, Gao Yuan, Zhan Faqiang, Wang Zichen, Li Minzhen, Zhang Ruiqin, Zhang Haijun, Geng Ningbo, Chen Jiping
School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
Environ Pollut. 2025 Sep 15;381:126656. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126656. Epub 2025 Jun 11.
The widespread use of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) poses significant ecological and health risks. However, existing studies on CPs are generally short, and studies on their regional sources are limited. Herein, we continuously monitored the concentrations of short-chain CPs (SCCPs) and medium-chain CPs (MCCPs) in PM in a megacity near industrial areas to investigate their sources, seasonal and annual variations, and potential health risks. In PM, the concentration of SCCPs (22.6 ± 15 ng m) was significantly higher than that of MCCPs (13.2 ± 10.3 ng m). The dominant congeners were CCl for SCCPs and CCl for MCCPs. A clear seasonal variation was observed, with the highest CP concentrations in winter (39.8 ± 23.8 ng m) and the lowest in summer (23.3 ± 7.25 ng m). Moreover, SCCP concentrations in PM showed a decreasing trend following the implementation of restrictions under the Stockholm Convention in 2017, while MCCP concentrations exhibited no obvious trend. Back-trajectory analysis indicated that atmospheric CP concentrations were strongly influenced by localized sources and meteorological conditions (such as wind speed). The main regional sources of CPs were airflows from the northwest and northeast, which passed through areas with a high density of CP production facilities and accounted for 87.6 % of the total air mass. Although CPs did not pose an immediate threat to human health, their long-term effects warranted attention, especially for vulnerable populations such as children. The CP exposure risk for children (<18 years) was four times greater than that for the elderly (>80 years). This study highlights the long-term trends and regional sources of CPs, providing policymakers with insights for developing effective CP reduction strategies.
氯化石蜡（CPs）的广泛使用带来了重大的生态和健康风险。然而，现有的关于CPs的研究通常持续时间较短，且对其区域来源的研究有限。在此，我们持续监测了工业区附近一个大城市中细颗粒物（PM）中短链氯化石蜡（SCCPs）和中链氯化石蜡（MCCPs）的浓度，以调查它们的来源、季节和年度变化以及潜在的健康风险。在PM中，SCCPs的浓度（22.6±15纳克/立方米）显著高于MCCPs的浓度（13.2±10.3纳克/立方米）。SCCPs的主要同系物是C10Cl19，MCCPs的主要同系物是C13Cl25。观察到明显的季节变化，冬季CPs浓度最高（39.8±23.8纳克/立方米），夏季最低（23.3±7.25纳克/立方米）。此外，自2017年《斯德哥尔摩公约》实施限制措施后，PM中的SCCP浓度呈下降趋势，而MCCP浓度没有明显趋势。后向轨迹分析表明，大气中CPs浓度受本地来源和气象条件（如风速）的强烈影响。CPs的主要区域来源是来自西北和东北的气流，这些气流经过CP生产设施密集的地区，占总空气质量的87.6%。虽然CPs对人类健康没有立即构成威胁，但其长期影响值得关注，尤其是对儿童等弱势群体。18岁以下儿童的CP暴露风险比80岁以上老年人高四倍。本研究突出了CPs的长期趋势和区域来源，为政策制定者制定有效的CPs减排策略提供了见解。
