Acuña Liliana Centanaro, de Jesus Rua Díaz Juan Roberto, Herazo Ricardo Alfonso Roman, Neckel Alcindo, de Almeida Silva Caliane Christie Oliveira, Cardoso Grace Tibério, Schmitz Guilherme Peterle, Moreno-Ríos Andrea Liliana, Ramos Claudete Gindri
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de La Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia.
Puerto Palermo Sociedad Portuaria, Corregimiento de Palermo, Municipio de Sitionuevo, Magdalena, 477001, Barranquilla, Colombia.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2025 Jun;32(26):15716-15745. doi: 10.1007/s11356-025-36616-9. Epub 2025 Jun 14.
The treatment of water quality has gained global importance due to the increasing pressure on freshwater ecosystems from anthropogenic activities. In this context, hydrological quality studies are essential to develop and implement new strategies for water resource management, particularly in port areas where industrial and urban pressures converge. This study presents a comprehensive multitemporal assessment of surface water quality in the Magdalena River near the Palermo Sociedad Portuaria (Colombia), integrating physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters from 2016 to 2023. Two monitoring points (P1 upstream and P2 downstream) were analyzed using a suite of pollution indices WQI, ICOMI, ICOMO, ICOSUS, ICOTRO, and ICOpH along with two-way ANOVA, Spearman correlation, and principal component analysis (PCA). The findings reveal significant temporal variations in water quality, with deterioration peaks linked to the rainy season, increased agricultural activity, and untreated wastewater discharges. The PCA identified three principal components explaining 46.56% of the total variance, highlighting the influence of biodegradable organic matter (BOD₅), oxidizable load (COD), oils and greases (FO), and coliforms as key pollution drivers. The WQI ranged from 0.46 to 0.65, reflecting moderate quality, while the ICOMO and ICOTRO indicated persistent eutrophic conditions and suspended solids contamination, particularly at P1. Although the ICOMI and ICOpH showed mostly low contamination levels, isolated peaks suggest the need for continuous surveillance. Despite its semiannual frequency and limited spatial coverage, the study provides a reliable long-term baseline for understanding water quality dynamics in port environments. It demonstrates the effectiveness of multivariate and index-based approaches in tropical regions, where integrated assessments remain scarce. The results underscore the importance of strengthening wastewater treatment, promoting sustainable agricultural practices, and expanding the environmental monitoring network. This research contributes to bridging knowledge gaps in the ecological management of fluvial-port ecosystems in Colombia. Future strategies should consider predictive modeling and community-based participation to ensure the conservation of the Magdalena River's ecological integrity and its critical role in biodiversity, livelihoods, and regional development.
由于人为活动对淡水生态系统造成的压力不断增加，水质处理已在全球范围内变得至关重要。在此背景下，水文水质研究对于制定和实施水资源管理新策略至关重要，特别是在工业和城市压力集中的港口地区。本研究对哥伦比亚巴勒莫港附近马格达莱纳河的地表水水质进行了全面的多时期评估，整合了2016年至2023年的物理、化学和微生物参数。使用一系列污染指数WQI、ICOMI、ICOMO、ICOSUS、ICOTRO和ICOpH以及双向方差分析、斯皮尔曼相关性分析和主成分分析（PCA）对两个监测点（上游的P1和下游的P2）进行了分析。研究结果揭示了水质随时间的显著变化，恶化峰值与雨季、农业活动增加以及未经处理的废水排放有关。主成分分析确定了三个主成分，解释了总方差的46.56%，突出了可生物降解有机物（BOD₅）、可氧化负荷（COD）、油脂（FO）和大肠菌群作为关键污染驱动因素的影响。WQI范围为0.46至0.65，反映了中等水质，而ICOMO和ICOTRO表明存在持续的富营养化状况和悬浮固体污染，特别是在P1点。尽管ICOMI和ICOpH大多显示污染水平较低，但个别峰值表明需要持续监测。尽管该研究的频率为半年一次且空间覆盖范围有限，但它为了解港口环境中的水质动态提供了可靠的长期基线。它证明了多变量和基于指数的方法在热带地区的有效性，在这些地区综合评估仍然很少。结果强调了加强废水处理、推广可持续农业实践以及扩大环境监测网络的重要性。这项研究有助于弥合哥伦比亚河流 - 港口生态系统生态管理方面的知识差距。未来的策略应考虑预测建模和基于社区的参与，以确保保护马格达莱纳河的生态完整性及其在生物多样性、生计和区域发展中的关键作用。
