Liu Zhaoyang, Wang Wei, Sun Xiaoyan, Yates Rebecca, Cui Qianqian, Liu Yu, Wan Nannan, Sui Xiuyu, Tan Wenfeng, Gan Jay
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
College of Science, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China; Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330096, China.
J Environ Manage. 2025 Aug;389:126193. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.126193. Epub 2025 Jun 13.
The hazardous perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) are being replaced by novel alternatives, and ryegrass demonstrates a promising potential for phytoremediation. This study explored the differential uptake, translocation and distribution patterns of different chain-length PFSAs as well as alternative sodium p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate (OBS) and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFAES), collectively designated as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), in ten Italian ryegrass cultivars, and identified the roles of specific PFAS functional groups and plant protein in ryegrass bioaccumulation. Long-chain PFSAs showed high contamination loads in whole ryegrass plants, with majority in roots (e.g., approximately 87.5 % for perfluorooctane sulfonate, PFOS); whereas short-chain homologues exhibited lower pollution burdens and were readily translocated to ryegrass leaves (e.g., about 96.4 % for perfluorobutane sulfonate, PFBS). For PFAS with similar fluorocarbon chain lengths, OBS showed the highest ryegrass contamination loads (146 ng average) and root bioaccumulation factors (2.94 average), followed by 6:2 Cl-PFAES and PFOS. The aromatic ring of OBS, chlorine atom of 6:2 Cl-PFAES, and more CF units of PFOS contribute to their retention in ryegrass roots, thus retarding migration to leaves; these PFAS functional groups may augment the effect of plant protein on the bioaccumulation. A molecular indicator (named HE) of PFAS considering interaction mechanisms with protein was proposed to assess protein effects on the bioaccumulation of different PFAS in ryegrass. Protein loads can be used to predict phytoremediation potentials of PFAS by ryegrass. These findings may advance the understanding of novel PFAS accumulation in plants and inform plant screening for PFAS phytoremediation.
有害的全氟烷磺酸（PFSA）正被新型替代品所取代，黑麦草在植物修复方面显示出有前景的潜力。本研究探讨了不同链长的PFSA以及替代物对全氟壬烯氧基苯磺酸钠（OBS）和6:2氯代多氟醚磺酸盐（6:2 Cl-PFAES），统称为全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS），在十个意大利黑麦草品种中的差异吸收、转运和分布模式，并确定了特定PFAS官能团和植物蛋白在黑麦草生物积累中的作用。长链PFSA在整个黑麦草植株中显示出高污染负荷，大部分存在于根部（例如，全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）约为87.5%）；而短链同系物的污染负担较低，并易于转运到黑麦草叶片中（例如，全氟丁烷磺酸（PFBS）约为96.4%）。对于具有相似碳氟链长度的PFAS，OBS在黑麦草中的污染负荷最高（平均146 ng），根部生物积累因子也最高（平均2.94），其次是6:2 Cl-PFAES和PFOS。OBS的芳环、6:2 Cl-PFAES的氯原子以及PFOS更多的CF单元导致它们在黑麦草根中保留，从而阻碍向叶片的迁移；这些PFAS官能团可能增强植物蛋白对生物积累的影响。提出了一种考虑与蛋白相互作用机制的PFAS分子指标（命名为HE），以评估蛋白对不同PFAS在黑麦草中生物积累的影响。蛋白负荷可用于预测黑麦草对PFAS的植物修复潜力。这些发现可能会增进对新型PFAS在植物中积累的理解，并为PFAS植物修复的植物筛选提供信息。
