Victor Manish P, Radisic Vera, Grevskott Didrik H, Marathe Nachiket P
Department of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway.
Department of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen (UiB), Bergen, Norway.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Aug;301:118390. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118390. Epub 2025 Jun 13.
Norway has low prevalence of resistance in the clinics, the contribution of hospital effluent to the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the environment is largely unknown. The aim of our study was to determine the role of hospital sewage in dissemination of AMR by defining resistome of hospital effluent, and influent and treated-effluent from the receiving sewage treatment plant (STP) using culture-based methods and metagenomics. Around 94 % E. coli strains (n = 66) were multidrug-resistant (MDR), while 92.3 % of the Klebsiella spp. strains (n = 55) showed MDR phenotype, with some strains carrying carbapenemases, such as NDM-5 (n = 3) and KPC-3 (n = 3). Identical clones of Klebsiella michiganensis were detected in hospital effluent, influent and STP treated effluent. From approximately 238 Gigabases of sequence data, we assembled 1205 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) using fARGene method, of which 349 genes represented novel ARGs (< 90 % amino acid identity against known ARGs). Both known and novel ARGs (n = 54) were shared between hospital effluent and the treated effluent of the receiving STP. We assembled 523 metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) with several representing novel taxa, of which 138 (26 %) MAGs carried 429 ARGs with > 83 % representing putative novel ARGs. Potential pathogens accounted for 60 % of the detected ARGs. Around 15.4 % MAGs were shared between hospital effluent and STP treated effluent. We demonstrate that hospital effluent in Norway has a high diversity of both known and novel ARGs. We show that hospital effluent contributes to the dissemination of not only clinically relevant pathogens but also known and novel ARGs into the receiving marine environment in Norway.
挪威临床中耐药性的流行率较低，但医院污水对环境中抗菌药物耐药性（AMR）传播的贡献在很大程度上尚不清楚。我们研究的目的是通过使用基于培养的方法和宏基因组学来定义医院污水、接收污水处理厂（STP）的进水和处理后出水的耐药组，从而确定医院污水在AMR传播中的作用。约94%的大肠杆菌菌株（n = 66）具有多重耐药性（MDR），而92.3%的克雷伯菌属菌株（n = 55）表现出MDR表型，一些菌株携带碳青霉烯酶，如NDM - 5（n = 3）和KPC - 3（n = 3）。在医院污水、进水和STP处理后的出水中检测到了相同的密歇根克雷伯菌克隆。从大约238千兆碱基的序列数据中，我们使用fARGene方法组装了1205个抗生素抗性基因（ARGs），其中349个基因代表新的ARGs（与已知ARGs的氨基酸同一性< 90%）。医院污水和接收STP的处理后出水之间共享已知和新的ARGs（n = 54）。我们组装了523个宏基因组组装基因组（MAGs），其中几个代表新的分类群，其中138个（26%）MAGs携带429个ARGs，其中> 83%代表假定的新ARGs。潜在病原体占检测到的ARGs的60%。医院污水和STP处理后的出水之间共享约15.4%的MAGs。我们证明挪威的医院污水中已知和新的ARGs具有高度多样性。我们表明医院污水不仅有助于将临床相关病原体，而且还将已知和新的ARGs传播到挪威的接收海洋环境中。
