Taha Bakr Ahmed, Sulaiman Ghassan M, Addie Ali J, Khalil Khalil A A, Ahmed Elsadig M, Chaudhary Vishal, Arsad Norhana
UKM-Photonic Technology Research Group, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; Al-imam University College/Balad, Iraq.
Department of Biotechnology, College of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq.
Methods. 2025 Oct;242:1-23. doi: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2025.06.005. Epub 2025 Jun 16.
Monitoring cancer therapy is difficult because of restricted imaging depth, inadequate molecular specificity, and delayed response evaluation. Moreover, conventional imaging techniques fail to provide high-resolution, real-time views of the dynamic tumor microenvironment during therapy. Among emerging technologies, nanophotonic photoacoustic biosensors have gained prominence as multifunctional platforms that enable real-time, non-invasive imaging and dynamic monitoring of cancer therapy. This review discusses advances in nanophotonic engineering, including plasmonic nanostructures, NIR-II fluorophore-integrated systems, SERS-active materials, fiber-optic probes, and hybrid nanosystems, all tailored to enhance molecular targeting and signal specificity. In addition, biomimetic and biologically inspired nanosystems with enhanced tissue penetration and reduced autofluorescence in the NIR-II spectrum can be specifically highlighted. The key aspects of clinical translation are examined including biosafety, molecular specificity, and scalability. Furthermore, further explore the convergence of these biosensors with artificial intelligence and Internet of Things (IoT) frameworks to support adaptive, patient-specific decision-making in oncology. As a result of these multifunctional systems that combine nanophotonics, machine learning, and molecular diagnostics, oncology could shift towards precision-guided treatment. Finally, it proposes strategic avenues for clinical adoption, placing PAS at the vanguard of the next generation of cancer diagnostics.
由于成像深度受限、分子特异性不足以及反应评估延迟，癌症治疗监测颇具难度。此外，传统成像技术无法在治疗期间提供高分辨率、实时的动态肿瘤微环境视图。在新兴技术中，纳米光子光声生物传感器作为多功能平台崭露头角，能够对癌症治疗进行实时、非侵入性成像和动态监测。本综述讨论了纳米光子工程的进展，包括等离子体纳米结构、近红外二区荧光团集成系统、表面增强拉曼散射活性材料、光纤探针和混合纳米系统，所有这些都是为增强分子靶向性和信号特异性而量身定制的。此外，可特别强调具有增强的组织穿透性和降低的近红外二区光谱自发荧光的仿生和受生物启发的纳米系统。研究了临床转化的关键方面，包括生物安全性、分子特异性和可扩展性。此外，进一步探索这些生物传感器与人工智能和物联网（IoT）框架的融合，以支持肿瘤学中适应性的、针对患者的决策制定。由于这些结合了纳米光子学、机器学习和分子诊断的多功能系统，肿瘤学可能会朝着精准引导治疗方向发展。最后，提出了临床应用的战略途径，将光声光谱置于下一代癌症诊断的前沿。
