Hesselbrock M N, Meyer R E, Keener J J
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1985 Nov;42(11):1050-5. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790340028004.
This study utilized the DSM-III criteria and the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule to assess the prevalence of lifetime psychopathology among hospitalized alcoholics. Antisocial personality (ASP) and substance-use disorder were common psychopathologies among male alcoholics and major depression and phobia were common among female alcoholics. The onset of most psychopathologies preceded the abuse of alcohol among women. In men, however, with the exception of ASP and panic disorder, the onset of psychopathology was subsequent to that of alcohol abuse and/or dependence. Diagnoses of ASP and substance abuse were characterized by early onset of regular intoxication and alcohol abuse. Gender and the presence of specific psychopathology appeared to modify the course and symptom picture of alcoholism. In general, alcoholic women showed a later onset of regular intoxication and a more rapid progression to alcohol abuse and dependence than alcoholic men.
本研究采用《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》第三版标准及美国国立精神卫生研究所诊断访谈表，评估住院酗酒者终生精神病理学的患病率。反社会人格（ASP）和物质使用障碍在男性酗酒者中是常见的精神病理学表现，而重度抑郁和恐惧症在女性酗酒者中较为常见。大多数精神病理学表现的发病时间在女性酗酒者开始酗酒之前。然而，在男性中，除了ASP和惊恐障碍外，精神病理学表现的发病时间在酗酒和/或酒精依赖之后。ASP和物质滥用的诊断特点是较早开始经常醉酒和酗酒。性别及特定精神病理学表现似乎会改变酗酒的病程和症状表现。总体而言，酗酒女性开始经常醉酒的时间较晚，且比酗酒男性更快发展为酒精滥用和依赖。
