Kuijpers Kiki W K, Hämäläinen Markku D, Zetterström Andreas, Winkvist Maria, Niesters Marieke, van Velzen Monique, Nyberg Fred, Dahan Albert, Andersson Karl
Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
Kontigo Care AB, Uppsala, Sweden.
Front Digit Health. 2025 May 30;7:1584716. doi: 10.3389/fdgth.2025.1584716. eCollection 2025.
Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are readily available potent drugs that act as central depressants. These drugs are widely used, misused, and abused. For patients with BZD use disorder, the traditional sobriety monitoring method is periodic urine tests.
The utility of eye-scanning data related to non-convergence (the ability to cross eyes) collected using smartphones with the Previct Drugs app before and after ingestion of the BZD lorazepam for detecting BZD-driven effects was evaluated using data from 12 individuals from a historic clinical study (NCT05731999). Using a novel metric that represents the change in distance between irises when converging eyes, either in absolute terms (NCdiff) or individualized (NCdiffInd), classifiers were built using logistic regression.
The ability to converge eyes is a strongly individual and acquired skill that is impaired after ingesting lorazepam. The maximum NCdiff for a BZD-sober individual may be smaller than the impaired NCdiff for another individual. Using the NCdiff measured in a sober condition after approximately 1 week of regular eye-scanning as the individual baseline to form NCdiffInd produced a highly functional classifier with an area under the curve (AUC) = 0.88, which was superior to a classifier based on NCdiff with an AUC = 0.79.
The loss of eye convergence induced by lorazepam is continuous, individual, and can be partial. Smartphone-based eye-scanning technology combined with a classifier adapted to the ability of eye convergence of individuals shows promising performance in detecting ingestion of lorazepam.
苯二氮䓬类药物（BZDs）是 readily available potent drugs that act as central depressants。这些药物被广泛使用、滥用和误用。对于患有苯二氮䓬类药物使用障碍的患者，传统的清醒监测方法是定期进行尿液检测。
使用来自一项历史临床研究（NCT05731999）的12名个体的数据，评估在摄入苯二氮䓬类药物劳拉西泮前后，使用装有Previct Drugs应用程序的智能手机收集的与非会聚（对眼能力）相关的眼扫描数据在检测劳拉西泮驱动效应方面的效用。使用一种新的指标来表示双眼会聚时虹膜之间距离的变化，该指标可以是绝对值（NCdiff）或个体化值（NCdiffInd），使用逻辑回归构建分类器。
双眼会聚能力是一种高度个体化且后天习得的技能，在摄入劳拉西泮后会受到损害。一个未使用苯二氮䓬类药物的个体的最大NCdiff可能小于另一个个体受损后的NCdiff。以大约1周定期眼扫描后清醒状态下测量的NCdiff作为个体基线来形成NCdiffInd，产生了一个功能强大的分类器，曲线下面积（AUC）=0.88，优于基于NCdiff的分类器（AUC=0.79）。
劳拉西泮引起的双眼会聚丧失是持续的、个体性的，且可能是部分性的。基于智能手机的眼扫描技术与适应个体双眼会聚能力的分类器相结合，在检测劳拉西泮摄入方面显示出有前景的性能。
