Iman Shafa, Rasheed Mamoon Ur, Zahran Hamdy A, Rashid Haroon, Fatima Mehak, Saleem Zonish, Bano Yasmeen, Gull Sanobar, Akbar Raheeba, Khan Ayesha, Mohamed Ahmed Isam A, Zongo Eliasse, Rahim Muhammad Abdul, Castro-Muñoz Roberto
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan.
Department of Chemistry Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan.
Food Sci Nutr. 2025 Jun 16;13(6):e70390. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.70390. eCollection 2025 Jun.
Mango ( L.) seeds, typically discarded as agro-industrial waste, are rich in bioactive compounds with significant nutraceutical potential. This study comprehensively evaluated the phytochemical composition, cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity, nutritional profile, and safety of mango seed extract (MSE). Nutritional analysis revealed notable contents of crude protein (8.5% ± 0.01%), crude oil (13.5% ± 0.06%), carbohydrates (35% ± 0.01%), and energy (405 kJ/100 g) while mineral content indicates the presence of macrominerals in the following order: K > Mg > P > Ca > Na. GC-MS identified key bioactive compounds, including thiazole, silicic acid, and arsenic acid. MSE exhibited strong antioxidant activity, with 95.86% ± 2.31% DPPH and 89.36% ± 5.25% nitric oxide radical scavenging. Cytotoxicity assays against HepG2 liver cancer cells demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition, with an IC of 140 μg/mL. Nutritional analysis showed essential amino acids (lysine, leucine, valine) and vitamins A, C, E, and K. Molecular dynamic simulations (MDS) confirmed thiazole's binding affinity to estrogen-β and progesterone receptors. Subacute oral toxicity tests indicated MSE's safety and beneficial effects on lipid profiles, significantly reducing cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and VLDL, while increasing HDL and RBC counts. Histopathology confirmed no organ damage. These results establish MSE as a safe, sustainable source of bioactive compounds with promising applications in nutraceuticals, antioxidants, and functional food industries, offering an eco-friendly approach to mango seed waste valorization.
芒果（L.）种子通常作为农业工业废弃物被丢弃，但其富含具有显著营养保健潜力的生物活性化合物。本研究全面评估了芒果籽提取物（MSE）的植物化学成分、细胞毒性、抗氧化活性、营养成分和安全性。营养分析显示，粗蛋白含量显著（8.5%±0.01%）、粗脂肪含量（13.5%±0.06%）、碳水化合物含量（35%±0.01%）以及能量（405kJ/100g），而矿物质含量表明常量矿物质的存在顺序为：钾＞镁＞磷＞钙＞钠。气相色谱 - 质谱联用仪鉴定出关键生物活性化合物，包括噻唑、硅酸和砷酸。MSE表现出较强的抗氧化活性，对二苯基苦味酰基自由基（DPPH）的清除率为95.86%±2.31%，对一氧化氮自由基的清除率为89.36%±5.25%。针对肝癌细胞HepG2的细胞毒性试验显示出剂量依赖性抑制作用，半数抑制浓度（IC）为140μg/mL。营养分析表明含有必需氨基酸（赖氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸）以及维生素A、C、E和K。分子动力学模拟（MDS）证实噻唑与雌激素 - β和孕激素受体具有结合亲和力。亚急性经口毒性试验表明MSE具有安全性且对血脂有益，能显著降低胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、甘油三酯和极低密度脂蛋白，同时提高高密度脂蛋白和红细胞计数。组织病理学证实无器官损伤。这些结果表明MSE是一种安全、可持续的生物活性化合物来源，在营养保健品、抗氧化剂和功能性食品行业具有广阔的应用前景，为芒果籽废弃物的资源化利用提供了一种生态友好的方法。
