Al-Sammarraie Maha R, Azaiez Fatma D, Litaiem Hejer
Department of Chemistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, IRQ.
Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, TUN.
Cureus. 2025 May 17;17(5):e84269. doi: 10.7759/cureus.84269. eCollection 2025 May.
Background Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) through the occurrence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The overall sequence results in the elevation of the inflammation profile of infected individuals. The risk of PF onset in COVID-19 patients is not limited to the infection course but extends to post-infection periods. Gamma-inducible protein-10 (GIP-10) is a chemokine; its production and release are induced by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Objectives In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of GIP-10, Galectin-3 (Gal-3), and hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) in PF-associated COVID-19 and the effectiveness of the Pfizer vaccine against the progression of PF and inflammation through evaluating these three biomarkers and their correlation with a few hematological parameters. Design & methods The study included 120 subjects (34-68 years) from Ibn Al-Nafees Hospital (Baghdad, Iraq). Three groups of 40 subjects were designed for our investigation as control, non-vaccinated COVID-19, and vaccinated COVID-19 patients. The presence of PF was evaluated in each participant. The COVID-19 patients with chronic kidney disease, liver cirrhosis, cancer, and pregnant women were excluded from this study. The GIP-10, Gal-3, and HIF-1 were evaluated in the subjects' serum using Sandwich ELISA technology. Results The results have shown significantly elevated levels of GIP-10, Gal-3, and HIF-1 in vaccinated and non-vaccinated PF-associated COVID-19 patients compared to the control, but the vaccinated patients exhibited significantly (<0.05) lower levels of GIP-10, Gal-3, and HIF-1 compared to non-vaccinated patients. Moreover, in non-vaccinated PF-associated COVID-19 patients, GIP-10 did not correlate significantly with any parameter, while in vaccinated patients, it was correlated positively with age, WBC, RBC, and ESR. All of GIP-10, Gal-3, and HIF-1 expressed Odds ratios (OR) 1< as risks for PF in COVID-19 patients and can be used excellently to predict PF-associated COVID-19. Conclusions The Pfizer vaccine for COVID-19 has a positive role in managing GIP-10 and, therefore, better controls patients' inflammation profiles.
背景 肺纤维化（PF）通过急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）的发生与2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）相关。整个过程导致受感染个体炎症指标升高。COVID-19患者发生PF的风险不仅限于感染病程，还会延伸至感染后阶段。γ诱导蛋白10（GIP-10）是一种趋化因子；其产生和释放由干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）诱导。目的 在本研究中，我们旨在通过评估这三种生物标志物及其与一些血液学参数的相关性，研究GIP-10、半乳糖凝集素-3（Gal-3）和缺氧诱导因子1（HIF-1）在与PF相关的COVID-19中的作用，以及辉瑞疫苗对PF进展和炎症的有效性。设计与方法 该研究纳入了来自伊拉克巴格达伊本·纳菲斯医院的120名受试者（34至68岁）。将40名受试者分为三组，分别作为对照组、未接种疫苗的COVID-19患者组和接种疫苗的COVID-19患者组进行调查。评估每位参与者是否存在PF。患有慢性肾病、肝硬化、癌症的COVID-19患者以及孕妇被排除在本研究之外。使用夹心ELISA技术评估受试者血清中的GIP-10、Gal-3和HIF-1。结果 结果显示，与对照组相比，接种疫苗和未接种疫苗的与PF相关的COVID-19患者中GIP-10、Gal-3和HIF-1水平显著升高，但接种疫苗的患者中GIP-10、Gal-3和HIF-1水平比未接种疫苗的患者显著（<0.05）降低。此外，在未接种疫苗的与PF相关的COVID-19患者中，GIP-10与任何参数均无显著相关性，而在接种疫苗的患者中，它与年龄、白细胞、红细胞和红细胞沉降率呈正相关。GIP-10、Gal-3和HIF-1作为COVID-19患者发生PF的风险，其优势比（OR）均<1，可很好地用于预测与PF相关的COVID-19。结论 辉瑞COVID-19疫苗在管理GIP-10方面具有积极作用，因此能更好地控制患者的炎症指标。
