Meseşan-Schmitz Luiza, Coman Claudiu, Bódi Diana-Cristina, Gotea Mihaela
Faculty of Sociology and Communication, Department of Social Sciences and Communication, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania.
Front Sociol. 2025 Jun 4;10:1577497. doi: 10.3389/fsoc.2025.1577497. eCollection 2025.
Roma people in Europe are still in a great risk of social exclusion because of the stereotypes, prejudices, and discrimination against them, known as Antigypsyism. They also encounter high levels of poverty, lower levels of education, housing conditions, and health care, high rates of unemployment, and so on. Based on the push-pull theory, the present study examines the phenomenon of international migration of the Roma population from Olt County, Romania, capturing the specific factors that led to their migration and return to the country, and also the effects of this phenomenon on the community at the place of origin.
our study used a mixed-methods approach, applying a non-standardized questionnaire to 796 Roma people who have experienced international, temporary migration and currently live in Olt County from Romania and semistructured interviews with 15 managers and representatives of the local public and socio-cultural institutions from the same region.
the results show us that the main push-pull factors of external migration of Roma people from Romania, as well as of their return home are economic and socio-cultural ones. Our data can add to the mentioned theory new pull factors for migration to certain countries, such as the friendly climate and easier learning of the language of the host country. We have also discovered that family is the main factor for returning home to Romania, and also the disappointment of their migration experience. The effects of their return migration on them and the community can be positive (e.g., cultural exchange, awareness of the role of education), but also negative (e.g., increasing unemployment, the negative image of Romania).
the findings highlight some assumptions of the push-pull theory, but they also bring new perspectives for understanding and approaching this phenomenon. The perspectives of Roma and representatives of institutions are different regarding the push factors that generate external migration of Roma, Roma identify only economic factors that lead to migration, while managers and representatives also talk about socio-cultural factors involved in the decision to migrate of Roma. The study also identifies the implications generated by the return home of the Roma, with economic, socio-cultural, and educational effects, but also effects at the level of public policies. We believe that the push-pull factors of external migration and the effects of Roma's return to the country are interconnected, generating an amplification of the problems for which Roma migrate. Therefore, they constitute solid arguments for building and streamlining social integration policies for Roma.
由于对罗姆人的刻板印象、偏见和歧视（即反吉普赛主义），欧洲的罗姆人仍然面临着社会排斥的巨大风险。他们还面临着高水平的贫困、低水平的教育、住房条件和医疗保健、高失业率等等。基于推拉理论，本研究考察了罗马尼亚奥尔特县罗姆人口的国际移民现象，捕捉导致他们移民和回国的具体因素，以及这一现象对原籍地社区的影响。
我们的研究采用了混合方法，对796名有过国际临时移民经历且目前居住在罗马尼亚奥尔特县的罗姆人发放了非标准化问卷，并对来自同一地区的15名当地公共和社会文化机构的管理人员及代表进行了半结构化访谈。
结果表明，罗马尼亚罗姆人向外移民及其回国的主要推拉因素是经济和社会文化因素。我们的数据可以为上述理论增添新的向某些国家移民的拉动因素，比如宜人的气候和更容易学习东道国语言。我们还发现，家庭是他们返回罗马尼亚的主要因素，也是他们对移民经历感到失望的原因。他们回国移民对他们自己和社区的影响可能是积极的（如文化交流、对教育作用的认识），但也可能是消极的（如失业率上升、罗马尼亚的负面形象）。
研究结果凸显了推拉理论的一些假设，但也为理解和处理这一现象带来了新的视角。罗姆人和机构代表对于导致罗姆人向外移民的推动因素看法不同，罗姆人只认定导致移民的经济因素，而管理人员和代表还谈到了涉及罗姆人移民决定的社会文化因素。该研究还确定了罗姆人回国所产生的影响，包括经济、社会文化和教育方面的影响，以及对公共政策层面的影响。我们认为，向外移民的推拉因素与罗姆人回国的影响相互关联，加剧了罗姆人移民所面临的问题。因此，它们构成了制定和优化罗姆人社会融合政策的有力论据。
