Timmis Kenneth, Williams Paul, Karahan Zeynep Ceren, López-García Purificación, Rainey Paul, Chavarria Max, Greening Chris, Steward Karen, Hallsworth John E, Pereira Cristina Silva, Giraldo Rafael, Verstraete Willy, Jonjić Stipan, Ramos Juan Luis, Nunes Olga, Ventosa Antonio, Armstrong Rachel, Sessitsch Angela, Ron Eliora, Wang Hui
Institute of Microbiology, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
Biodiscovery Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
Microb Biotechnol. 2025 Jun;18(6):e70180. doi: 10.1111/1751-7915.70180.
Scientific research seeks to extend knowledge and understanding, an activity that perhaps more than any other advances society and humanity. In essence, it is the search for truth. But, because it seeks new knowledge, there is little or no benchmark for appraisal of the plausibility or validity of the immediate conclusions drawn from new information gained, no instant confirmation. For this and other reasons, the science ethos requires the highest level of rigour to ensure the highest level of probability that new findings are true, or at least the most plausible under the prevailing circumstances and state of knowledge. Research is only as good as its degree of rigour. Rigour comes through intensive and comprehensive scientific training and mentoring that teaches critical and agnostic evaluation of new results, self-scrutiny and self-criticism. Additional rigour comes via independent scrutiny and validation: peer review of results and interpretations submitted as publications, and peer repetition of key experiments. However, the current proliferation of publication vehicles whose business model is based on maximisation of papers published, and the revenue stream of article processing charges (APCs) they generate, is promoting an insidious degradation of rigour and quality standards of reviewing-editing practices. Such predatory practices result in the systematic degradation of research quality and its "truthfulness". Moreover, they undermine the science ethos and threaten to create a new generation of scientists that lack this ethos. These trends will inevitably progressively erode public trust in scientists and the research ecosystem. This Editorial is a call for action to all actors, in particular leaders, in scientific research to oppose predatory practices in science dissemination-to restrict the operational space of those responsible for such practices-in order to restore and maintain research rigour and the science ethos and to prevent a downward spiral of research quality. It proposes two linked actionable solutions to the problem, one for the "pull" element of predatory practices and one for the "push" element of research ecosystem management practices, especially those promoting the publish or perish mentality, that drive authors to publish in journals with predatory practices. To counter the "pull", we propose a solution based on the principle of prevention, rather than cure, and list a number of essential policy decisions and actions that should be taken at all levels of the science chain/cloud to achieve this. A central plank of the concept is journal accreditation, without which a journal would be ineligible for payment of APCs from public funds. For accreditation, a journal would need to convincingly demonstrate adoption of a prescribed journal code of conduct. Ideally, accreditation would also be required for inclusion in journal indexing and ranking services and bibliographic databases. To counter the "push", we propose a top-down imposition of a cultural change in science management that ensures merit-based success of scientists and their careers, research best practice, improved education and mentoring of younger scientists in the science ethos and greater support of them in their careers. This must include explicit recognition of the crucial role of peer reviewing for the good health of the research enterprise, its incentivisation and appropriate appreciation of the time and effort involved. To orchestrate this change, we propose the creation of a multi-stakeholder alliance whose brief is to develop the framework and implementation strategy for changes in the research ecosystem. This Editorial also exhorts all actors to embrace the principle of publish less, publish better and to use public funding provided by tax revenues more effectively to perpetually raise the bar of science quality, dissemination and potential to advance humanity.
科学研究旨在拓展知识与理解,这项活动对社会和人类进步的推动作用或许超过其他任何活动。从本质上讲,它是对真理的探寻。但是,由于它追求新知识,对于从新获取的信息中得出的即时结论,几乎没有或根本没有评估其合理性或有效性的基准,也没有即时的证实。出于这个以及其他原因,科学精神要求具备最高水平的严谨性,以确保新发现为真的可能性达到最高水平,或者至少在当前环境和知识状态下是最合理的。研究的质量取决于其严谨程度。严谨性源于深入且全面的科学培训与指导,这种培训与指导教导对新结果进行批判性和无偏见的评估、自我审视和自我批评。额外的严谨性来自独立的审查与验证:对作为出版物提交的结果和解释进行同行评审,以及对关键实验进行同行重复验证。然而,当前以最大化发表论文数量为商业模式的出版载体激增,以及由此产生的论文处理费(APC)收入流,正在促使严谨性以及评审 - 编辑实践的质量标准出现潜移默化的退化。这种掠夺性做法导致研究质量及其“真实性”系统性下降。此外,它们破坏了科学精神,并有可能造就缺乏这种精神的新一代科学家。这些趋势将不可避免地逐步侵蚀公众对科学家和研究生态系统的信任。本社论呼吁科研领域的所有参与者,尤其是领导者,采取行动反对科学传播中的掠夺性做法,限制那些从事此类行为者的操作空间,以恢复和保持研究严谨性以及科学精神,防止研究质量的螺旋式下降。它针对该问题提出了两个相互关联的可行解决方案,一个针对掠夺性做法的“拉力”因素,另一个针对研究生态系统管理实践的“推力”因素,尤其是那些助长“要么发表论文要么灭亡”心态、驱使作者在有掠夺性做法的期刊上发表论文的因素。为了应对“拉力”,我们提出一个基于预防而非补救原则的解决方案,并列出在科学链/云的各个层面应采取的一些重要政策决策和行动以实现这一目标。该概念的核心要点是期刊认证,没有认证,期刊将无资格从公共资金中获得论文处理费。对于认证,期刊需要令人信服地证明其采用了规定的期刊行为准则。理想情况下,纳入期刊索引和排名服务以及书目数据库也需要认证。为了应对“推力”,我们提议自上而下地在科学管理中推行文化变革,确保科学家及其职业生涯基于功绩获得成功、遵循研究最佳实践、加强对年轻科学家在科学精神方面的教育和指导,并在其职业生涯中给予更多支持。这必须包括明确认识到同行评审对研究事业健康发展的关键作用、对其进行激励以及对所涉及的时间和精力给予适当认可。为了精心策划这一变革,我们提议创建一个多方利益相关者联盟,其职责是制定研究生态系统变革的框架和实施策略。本社论还敦促所有参与者秉持少发表、发表得更好的原则,并更有效地利用税收提供的公共资金,以不断提高科学质量、传播效果以及推动人类进步的潜力。