Stefan Nina, Schwarzkopf Larissa, Buth Sven, Meyer Gerhard, Bickl Andreas M
Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology - IBE, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Munich, Germany.
BMC Public Health. 2025 Jun 19;25(1):2166. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-23520-7.
Parental gambling disorder has detrimental financial, psychological, physiological, familial, and behavioral implications for the offspring, making these children highly vulnerable. In Germany, population-based estimates on how many minor children have parents with gambling disorder are lacking; thus, the immediacy of need for corresponding (public) health care policies remains unknown.
Based on the population-representative German Gambling Survey 2023, we estimated the number of children having parents with gambling disorder, including estimates for rates at each parental gambling disorder severity level (mild, moderate, severe). Both cohabiting children and separate living children were considered. To extrapolate lower and upper bounds of estimates, data on number of parents in the household and average number of children was combined with official population statistics.
Of 282 participants with gambling disorder, 46.8% (n = 132) cohabit with 1.55 children on average; 16.7% (n = 47) are parents of 1.51 separate living children on average. Therefore, in Germany 574,079 to 604,966 children have a parent with gambling disorder, with about 84.0% of them (482,076 to 508,712) cohabiting with the gambling parent. The likelihood of cohabiting decreases with increasing gambling disorder severity (mild: 97.7%; moderate: 85.0%; severe: 72.2%).
In Germany about 1 in 25 children has a parent with gambling disorder. Given that parental gambling disorder is an established risk factor for developing own gambling problems, more comprehensive addiction care and health policy are needed to address this issue. Integrated care and counselling offers targeting both gambling parents and their children may be a promising starting point. Special attention should be paid to separate living children in these approaches.
父母患赌博 disorder 会对子女产生有害的经济、心理、生理、家庭和行为影响，使这些孩子极易受到伤害。在德国，缺乏基于人群的关于有多少未成年子女的父母患有赌博 disorder 的估计；因此，相应（公共）卫生保健政策的迫切需求程度仍然未知。
基于具有人群代表性的2023年德国赌博调查，我们估计了有父母患赌博 disorder 的儿童数量，包括对每个父母赌博 disorder 严重程度级别（轻度、中度、重度）的发生率估计。同居子女和分居子女均被考虑在内。为了推断估计的下限和上限，将家庭中父母数量和子女平均数量的数据与官方人口统计数据相结合。
在282名患有赌博 disorder 的参与者中，46.8%（n = 132）平均与1.55个孩子同居；16.7%（n = 47）平均是1.51个分居子女的父母。因此，在德国，574,079至604,966名儿童有一位父母患有赌博 disorder，其中约84.0%（482,076至508,712）与患赌博 disorder 的父母同居。同居的可能性随着赌博 disorder 严重程度的增加而降低（轻度：97.7%；中度：85.0%；重度：72.2%）。
在德国，约每25名儿童中就有1名儿童的父母患有赌博 disorder。鉴于父母患赌博 disorder 是自身发展成赌博问题的既定风险因素，需要更全面的成瘾护理和卫生政策来解决这一问题。针对赌博父母及其子女的综合护理和咨询服务可能是一个有前景的起点。在这些方法中应特别关注分居子女。
原文中“gambling disorder”未明确具体中文术语，可根据实际医学定义准确表述，这里暂保留英文。
