Combining methods for detection of bycatch hotspot areas of marine megafauna species in and around critical rookeries and foraging areas.

Bycatch, the incidental catch of non-target species, threatens marine megafauna such as sea turtles and sea birds in the Mediterranean region. Identifying bycatch hotspots is essential to guide mitigation measures and target audiences. In the Mediterranean Sea, South Ionian Sea in Greece is a major marine habitat, including critical nesting areas, for sea turtles, and an important breeding and foraging habitat for sea birds. This work combined methodologies to identify bycatch hotspots through a vulnerability assessment and questionnaire surveys utilising both scientific data and local ecological knowledge (LEK). The study determined the major bycatch hotspots for sea turtles and sea birds, evaluated the potential impact on both species, and discussed mitigation measures to reduce the impact of bycatch and effectively protect this economically and ecologically important ecosystem. Our approach and outcomes may well contribute to a science-based and LEK included, adaptive management framework regarding the establishment or revision of Marine Protected Areas in the study area and elsewhere across critical marine habitats for sea turtles and sea birds.