Nguyen Viet Anh
Faculty of Dentistry, Phenikaa University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Viet Anh Orthodontic Clinic, Hanoi, Vietnam.
PeerJ. 2025 Jun 17;13:e19612. doi: 10.7717/peerj.19612. eCollection 2025.
Lingual orthodontic treatment requires precise bracket positioning to ensure optimal outcomes. This study aimed to compare the transfer accuracy of fully enclosed (FE) and partially enclosed (PE) three-dimensionally (3D) printed indirect bonding trays for lingual brackets, focusing on linear and angular errors, and to evaluate their clinical applicability.
A total of 20 patients with 498 brackets bonded on both arches were included in this study. Two tray designs-FE and PE-were fabricated using a standardized digital workflow and 3D-printed with rigid resin. Bracket transfer accuracy was assessed by superimposing post-bonding scans with planned virtual models. Linear (mesiodistal, buccolingual, occlusogingival) and angular (rotation, angulation, torque) errors were measured. Statistical analyses included t-tests to compare transfer accuracy between the two tray designs.
Both tray designs achieved clinically acceptable linear accuracy, with errors below 0.5 mm across all dimensions. Angular errors for rotation and angulation were also within clinically acceptable limits of 2°, but torque transfer remains a challenge for both tray designs. The PE design showed significantly lower buccolingual and occlusogingival errors for premolars and the total sample, while the FE design demonstrated significantly lower torque errors for molars. However, the FE design required longer bonding times (84.2 ± 14.5 min) compared to the PE design (70.7 ± 12.8 min, = 0.041), without offering a significant overall accuracy advantage.
The PE tray design is the preferred option over the FE design for its simplicity and accuracy. Torque errors in the PE design can be mitigated with supplementary stabilization materials.
舌侧正畸治疗需要精确的托槽定位以确保最佳治疗效果。本研究旨在比较用于舌侧托槽的全封闭（FE）和部分封闭（PE）三维（3D）打印间接粘结托盘的转移精度，重点关注线性和角度误差，并评估其临床适用性。
本研究共纳入20例患者，其双侧牙弓上粘结了498个托槽。使用标准化数字工作流程制作了两种托盘设计——FE和PE，并采用刚性树脂进行3D打印。通过将粘结后扫描图像与计划的虚拟模型叠加来评估托槽转移精度。测量线性（近远中、颊舌向、咬合龈向）和角度（旋转、倾斜、转矩）误差。统计分析包括t检验，以比较两种托盘设计之间的转移精度。
两种托盘设计均达到了临床上可接受的线性精度，所有维度的误差均低于0.5mm。旋转和倾斜的角度误差也在临床上可接受的2°范围内，但两种托盘设计的转矩转移仍然是一个挑战。PE设计在磨牙和总样本中显示出显著更低的颊舌向和咬合龈向误差，而FE设计在磨牙中显示出显著更低的转矩误差。然而，与PE设计（70.7±12.8分钟，P = 0.041）相比，FE设计需要更长的粘结时间（84.2±14.5分钟），且未提供显著的总体精度优势。
PE托盘设计因其简单性和准确性而优于FE设计。PE设计中的转矩误差可通过补充稳定材料来减轻。
