Mantua Nathan J, Bell Heather, Todgham Anne E, Daniels Miles E, Rinchard Jacques, Ludwig Jarrod M, Field John C, Lindley Steven T, Rowland Freya E, Richter Catherine A, Walters David, Finney Bruce, Distajo Haskell Anne R, Tillitt Donald, Honeyfield Dale C, Lipscomb Taylor, Kwak Kevin, Kindopp Jason, Cocherell Dennis, Ward Abigail, Williams Thomas H, Harding Jeff, Fangue Nann A, Jeffres Carson, Ruiz-Cooley Rocio I, Litvin Steven Y, Foott Scott, Adkison Mark, Kormos Brett, Harte Peggy, Colwell Frederick, Suffridge Christopher P, Shannon Kelly C, Cranford Amanda, Ambrose Charlotte, Reed Aimee, Johnson Rachel C
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Fisheries Ecology Division, Santa Cruz, CA 95060.
Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025 Jul;122(26):e2426011122. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2426011122. Epub 2025 Jun 23.
Thiamine (vitamin B) deficiency in marine systems is a globally significant threat to marine life. In 2020, newly hatched Chinook salmon () fry in California's Central Valley (CCV) hatcheries swam in corkscrew patterns and died at unusually high rates due to a lack of this essential vitamin. We subsequently investigated the impacts and causes of thiamine deficiency in California's anadromous salmonids. Our laboratory studies defined the relationship between thiamine concentrations in Chinook salmon eggs and early life-stage survival in offspring; we used these data to develop a model that estimated 26 to 48% thiamine-dependent fry mortality across consecutive years (2020-2021) for winter-run Chinook salmon. We established an egg surveillance effort that found widespread thiamine deficiency in CCV Chinook salmon in 2020 and 2021, and emerging thiamine deficiency in Klamath River and Trinity River coho salmon () in 2021. We determined that thiamine injections into adults raised egg thiamine concentrations above levels found to impact early life-stage survival and swimming behavior. Ocean surveys, prey nutrition, salmon gut contents, and stable isotope data link thiamine deficiency to an ocean diet dominated by a booming population of northern anchovy (). This forage fish had low thiamine, high lipid, and high thiaminase activity levels consistent with both a thiaminase and oxidative stress hypothesis for causing thiamine deficiency in California salmon. Our research suggests California's already stressed anadromous salmonids will continue to be impacted by thiamine deficiency as long as their ocean forage base and diet are dominated by northern anchovy.
海洋系统中的硫胺素（维生素B）缺乏是对海洋生物的一个具有全球重要意义的威胁。2020年，加利福尼亚中央谷地（CCV）孵化场中新孵化的奇努克鲑（）鱼苗以螺旋状游动，由于缺乏这种必需维生素，死亡率异常高。随后，我们调查了加利福尼亚溯河产卵鲑科鱼类硫胺素缺乏的影响和原因。我们的实验室研究确定了奇努克鲑鱼卵中硫胺素浓度与后代早期生命阶段存活率之间的关系；我们利用这些数据建立了一个模型，该模型估计连续几年（2020 - 2021年）冬季洄游奇努克鲑鱼中依赖硫胺素的鱼苗死亡率为26%至48%。我们开展了一项鱼卵监测工作，发现2020年和2021年CCV奇努克鲑鱼普遍存在硫胺素缺乏，2021年克拉马斯河和特里尼蒂河银大麻哈鱼（）中也出现了硫胺素缺乏的情况。我们确定，给成年鱼注射硫胺素可使鱼卵中的硫胺素浓度高于对早期生命阶段存活率和游泳行为有影响的水平。海洋调查、猎物营养、鲑鱼肠道内容物和稳定同位素数据将硫胺素缺乏与以数量激增的北方凤尾鱼（）为主的海洋食物联系起来。这种饵料鱼硫胺素含量低、脂质含量高且硫胺素酶活性水平高，这与导致加利福尼亚鲑鱼硫胺素缺乏的硫胺素酶和氧化应激假说均相符。我们的研究表明，只要加利福尼亚溯河产卵鲑科鱼类的海洋食物基础和饮食以北方凤尾鱼为主，它们就将继续受到硫胺素缺乏的影响。
