BACKGROUND: While recent clinical trials of combination immunotherapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have shown promising clinical efficacy and survival improvements breakthroughs, there is still much room for further improvement. A key limiting factor for HCC immunotherapy is the intrinsic immunosuppression within the liver microenvironment, resulting in suboptimal priming of tumor-specific CD8 cytotoxic T cells and thus immune evasion by the tumor. Hence, identifying new key molecular pathways suppressing T-cell responses within the liver is critical for the rational design of more effective combination immunotherapies for HCC. METHODS: We identified the 5-HT serotonin receptor as a potential target for HCC immunotherapy in a chemical screening approach and validated that targeting 5-HT signaling could be a viable approach for HCC immunotherapy via in vitro and in vivo studies. RESULTS: Disruption of 5-HT signaling using either a selective antagonist small molecule, ketanserin, or by knockout of its coding gene augments the cytotoxic effector phenotype of mouse CD8 T cells activated in vitro with immunosuppressive liver non-parenchymal cells. Ketanserin treatment of in vitro activated human CD8 T cells also increased expression of the cytotoxic effector molecules granzyme B and perforin. Abrogation of 5-HT signaling was associated with increased expression of cytotoxicity-related genes such as granzyme B and reduced expression of transcription factors downstream of MAP kinase signaling. In vivo, systemic ketanserin treatment significantly prolonged survival of HCC tumor-bearing mice and was non-inferior to α-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1)+α-vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) combination antibody treatment. Combining ketanserin with αPD-L1+αVEGFA antibodies also significantly prolonged survival relative to control-treated mice while preserving the occurrence of complete tumor regression observed with αPD-L1+αVEGFA treatment alone. CONCLUSIONS: Together, our data describe a role for 5-HT as a negative regulator of the cytotoxic effector phenotype in CD8 T cells and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting 5-HT for HCC immunotherapy.