Brent Austin, Shirmast Paniz, McMillan Nigel A J
Institute for Biomedicine and Glycomics Griffith University Queensland Australia.
School of Pharmacy and Medical Science Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus Queensland Australia.
J Extracell Biol. 2025 Jun 23;4(6):e70064. doi: 10.1002/jex2.70064. eCollection 2025 Jun.
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) possess many advantageous characteristics which highlight their potential as nanocarriers for biomedical applications, including the ability to cross the blood brain barrier, improved biocompatibility and exhibit tissue tropism. Despite this potential, the clinical translation of sEVs has been hindered by a variety of factors and lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) remain as the gold standard for nanocarriers, indicating a knowledge gap which could unlock the potential of sEVs. A growing body of research suggests that the lipid profile, rather than the proteome, of sEVs may be contributing to these beneficial characteristics much more than previously thought. This review highlights and discusses the current state of the field in terms of lipid composition between sEVs originating from various cell sources and the roles which the different lipids play in the function of sEVs as natural nanocarriers within the body. We also discuss the potential of various EV-mimetics and synthetic EVs (synEVs) in terms of clinical translation which may provide a means to allow wider therapeutic adoption of EVs.
小细胞外囊泡（sEVs）具有许多优势特性，这凸显了它们作为生物医学应用纳米载体的潜力，包括穿越血脑屏障的能力、更好的生物相容性以及表现出组织嗜性。尽管有这种潜力，但sEVs的临床转化受到多种因素的阻碍，脂质纳米颗粒（LNPs）仍然是纳米载体的金标准，这表明存在一个可能释放sEVs潜力的知识空白。越来越多的研究表明，sEVs的脂质谱而非蛋白质组，可能比之前认为的对这些有益特性的贡献更大。这篇综述着重介绍并讨论了该领域的现状，涉及源自各种细胞来源的sEVs之间的脂质组成，以及不同脂质在sEVs作为体内天然纳米载体的功能中所起的作用。我们还讨论了各种细胞外囊泡模拟物和合成细胞外囊泡（synEVs）在临床转化方面的潜力，这可能提供一种手段，使细胞外囊泡能更广泛地用于治疗。
