Recent advances in molecular mechanisms of microRNAs in pathogenesis and resistance of treatment in glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive brain cancer with poor prognosis, even with current treatments combining surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Despite initial tumor removal, recurrence is common and driven by altered genetic profiles. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs with regulatory roles, are implicated in GBM progression through their influence on key hallmarks such as angiogenesis, proliferation, immune evasion, and resistance to therapy. This review systematically analyzed peer-reviewed literature from 2019 to 2025 to evaluate recent findings on miRNAs in GBM pathogenesis. Studies reveal differential miRNA expression in GBM models and their involvement in tumor biology via modulation of target genes. Understanding miRNA networks, along with the tumor microenvironment and immune interactions, may enable the identification of diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers. Targeting both tumor and associated immune components presents a promising direction for future GBM therapies.