Neuta Yineth, Leguizamon Natalia, Pajaro Paula, Zarate Manuela, Julio Mauricio, Pantoja Manuela, Llerena Isabella, Delgadillo Nathaly Andrea
Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral-UIBO, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá 110121, Colombia.
Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá 110121, Colombia.
Antibiotics (Basel). 2025 May 31;14(6):564. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics14060564.
Gram-negative enteric rods (GNERs) are transient members of the oral microbiota and are considered a superinfection in patients with periodontitis that poses local and systemic risks due to associations with infections and multidrug resistance, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. These pathogens often resist antibiotics such as amoxicillin, doxycycline, and ciprofloxacin, complicating dental treatments. Though their resistance patterns vary, links between specific resistance genes and phenotypic resistance remain unclear. : To determine the correlation between resistance genes (, , , , , , and (A)) and phenotypic resistance in GNERs isolated from oral cavity samples. : A total of 90 oral isolates of GNERs were isolated from patients in a dental clinic, and bacteria were identified by the BD BBL Crystal biochemical panel. The antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted through broth microdilution following CLSI standards for drives such as amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin. Resistance genes, including , , , , , , and (A), were detected using polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis. The proportions of species, resistance genes, and minimum inhibitory concentration values were statistically analyzed. : As expected, most enteric bacteria showed natural resistance to beta-lactams. Significant resistance to azithromycin was observed in some species. Genotypic and phenotypic profiles suggest the existence of alternative resistance mechanisms; therefore, other mechanisms associated with antibiotic resistance should be investigated.
革兰氏阴性肠道杆菌（GNERs）是口腔微生物群的短暂成员，被认为是牙周炎患者的一种二重感染，由于其与感染及多重耐药性（包括超广谱β-内酰胺酶）相关，会带来局部和全身风险。这些病原体常常对阿莫西林、强力霉素和环丙沙星等抗生素产生耐药性，使牙科治疗变得复杂。尽管它们的耐药模式各不相同，但特定耐药基因与表型耐药之间的联系仍不清楚。：确定从口腔样本中分离出的GNERs中耐药基因（、、、、、和（A））与表型耐药之间的相关性。：从一家牙科诊所的患者中总共分离出90株口腔GNERs菌株，并用BD BBL Crystal生化鉴定板对细菌进行鉴定。按照美国临床和实验室标准协会（CLSI）对阿莫西林、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、强力霉素、环丙沙星和阿奇霉素等药物的标准，通过肉汤微量稀释法进行抗生素敏感性测试。使用聚合酶链反应和凝胶电泳检测耐药基因，包括、、、、、和（A）。对菌种比例、耐药基因和最低抑菌浓度值进行统计分析。：正如预期的那样，大多数肠道细菌对β-内酰胺类药物表现出天然耐药性。在一些菌种中观察到对阿奇霉素有显著耐药性。基因型和表型分析表明存在其他耐药机制；因此，应研究与抗生素耐药性相关的其他机制。
