Duque Fredy, Prieto Ana Isabel, Cascajosa-Lira Antonio, Montenegro Luis Carlos, Campos Alexandre, Jos Angeles, Cameán Ana M
Environmental Engineering, Universidad de Cundinamarca Extensión Facatativá, Facatativá 253052, Colombia.
Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
Toxins (Basel). 2025 Jun 12;17(6):301. doi: 10.3390/toxins17060301.
Cylindrospermopsin is an emerging cyanotoxin that can lead to phytotoxicity through different mechanisms. The presence of CYN in irrigation waters is of concern due to potential accumulation in plants, increasing the risk of human exposure by the consumption of vegetables. In this case, it is proposed to evaluate the effects of CYN on a crop considered staple food in Colombia, such as , group Phureja var Criolla Colombia, known as "yellow potato". This work evaluates for the first time the effects of CYN in potato plants exposed to this toxin using two different irrigation systems, surface and sprinkler irrigation. The parameters evaluated were CYN bioaccumulation and biotransformation in different parts of the potato plants irrigated with water containing CYN at environmentally relevant concentrations (84.65, 33.80, 3.05 and 3.05 µg/L after first, second, and third to fourth applications, respectively) and changes in nutritional mineral content in tubers. For this purpose, the concentrations of CYN and its potential metabolites in leaves, stem, roots, and tubbers of the plants exposed to the toxin were determined by Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatography-MS/MS (UHPLC-MS/MS). Mineral content was determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). CYN bioaccumulation was detected only in aerial parts of plants with sprinkler irrigation. A total of 57 CYN metabolites were found, and the main differences obtained in CYN biotransformation are linked to tissues and exposure conditions. There are significant differences in levels of Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn in tubers depending on CYN treatment, with higher contents after surface irrigation, and lower content with sprinkler application. These results demonstrate that the exposure conditions are an important factor for the potential presence and effects of CYN in potato plants.
柱孢藻毒素是一种新出现的蓝藻毒素，可通过不同机制导致植物毒性。由于灌溉水中的柱孢藻毒素（CYN）可能在植物中积累，从而增加人类因食用蔬菜而接触到该毒素的风险，因此其存在令人担忧。在这种情况下，建议评估CYN对哥伦比亚一种主要粮食作物的影响，例如Phureja var Criolla Colombia品种，即“黄土豆”。这项工作首次使用两种不同的灌溉系统（地面灌溉和喷灌）评估了CYN对暴露于该毒素的马铃薯植株的影响。评估的参数包括在环境相关浓度（第一次、第二次以及第三次至第四次施用后分别为84.65、33.80、3.05和3.05 μg/L）的含CYN水中灌溉的马铃薯植株不同部位的CYN生物累积和生物转化，以及块茎中营养矿物质含量的变化。为此，通过超高效液相色谱 - 串联质谱（UHPLC - MS/MS）测定暴露于毒素的植株叶片、茎、根和块茎中CYN及其潜在代谢物的浓度。矿物质含量通过电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP - OES）测定。仅在喷灌的植株地上部分检测到CYN生物累积。共发现57种CYN代谢物，CYN生物转化的主要差异与组织和暴露条件有关。根据CYN处理情况，块茎中钙、钾、镁、钠、磷、铜、铁、锰和锌的含量存在显著差异，地面灌溉后含量较高，喷灌时含量较低。这些结果表明，暴露条件是CYN在马铃薯植株中潜在存在及其影响的重要因素。
