Leprince Audrey, Moineau Sylvain
1Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie and Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada; email:
2Félix d'Hérelle Reference Center for Bacterial Viruses, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.
Annu Rev Virol. 2025 Jun 25. doi: 10.1146/annurev-virology-092623-111016.
Bacteria have evolved a wide range of defense systems to combat phage infections. In the cheese industry, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) used for milk fermentation continuously face threats from phages. Therefore, selecting or developing industrial strains with enhanced phage resistance requires a focus on robust defense systems. Among these systems, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and their CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas) are notably prevalent in LAB. The early characterization of this adaptive immune system was closely tied to the cheese industry, particularly with in which CRISPR-Cas systems are ubiquitous and highly active. This review underscores the contributions of and its virulent phages to our understanding of the function and mechanisms of CRISPR-Cas systems. Additionally, we review the diversity of CRISPR-Cas systems in LAB used in the cheese industry, the counter-defense strategies employed by dairy phages, and the applications of CRISPR-Cas systems within this sector.
细菌已经进化出多种防御系统来对抗噬菌体感染。在奶酪行业中，用于牛奶发酵的乳酸菌（LAB）不断面临噬菌体的威胁。因此，选择或开发具有增强噬菌体抗性的工业菌株需要关注强大的防御系统。在这些系统中，成簇规律间隔短回文重复序列（CRISPR）及其相关蛋白（Cas）在乳酸菌中尤为普遍。这种适应性免疫系统的早期表征与奶酪行业密切相关，特别是在其中CRISPR-Cas系统无处不在且高度活跃的情况下。本综述强调了[此处原文缺失具体内容]及其烈性噬菌体对我们理解CRISPR-Cas系统功能和机制的贡献。此外，我们还综述了奶酪行业中使用的乳酸菌中CRISPR-Cas系统的多样性、乳制品噬菌体采用的反防御策略以及CRISPR-Cas系统在该领域的应用。
