Venkatesh Soundharya, Shwetha T S, Janarthanan Salai Dhavamathi, Naaz Shifa, Srinivasan Krithica
Department of Optometry, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
Department of Clinical Psychology, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
J Autism Dev Disord. 2025 Jun 25. doi: 10.1007/s10803-025-06930-9.
This study aimed to develop and validate a communication module for eye examination and to determine its effectiveness in enhancing the testability among individuals with ASD. A Social Story based communication module was developed and validated in both English and Kannada languages. The module primarily focused on visual acuity testing, refraction, sensory and motor evaluation. A single-blinded cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the impact of the communication module on the testability of eye examination among individuals with ASD. Thirty individuals aged 5 to 10 years with a clinical diagnosis of mild to moderate ASD were enrolled and randomly allocated to the intervention (n = 15) or the control group (n = 15). Examiner 1 oriented the participants in the intervention group with the module. Examiner 2, blinded to the module's implementation, examined all the participants' eyes. All the procedures were carried out in a community setting. The average scoring for relevancy, appropriateness, understandability and simplicity of content ranged from 4.45 to 4.78 out of 5. The testability ranged from 40 to 100% in the intervention group and 20-100% in the control group for various tests. The odds of testability were 2.01 times greater for overall eye examination in the intervention group (OR = 2.01, 95% CI [1.82, 2.20]). For each test the odds of testability were 1.96-3.89 times higher in the intervention group. The developed and validated English and Kannada communication modules are effective in improving the testability of eye examination among individuals with ASD.
本研究旨在开发并验证一个用于眼部检查的沟通模块，并确定其在提高自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）个体的可测试性方面的有效性。基于社交故事的沟通模块以英语和卡纳达语开发并得到验证。该模块主要侧重于视力测试、验光、感觉和运动评估。开展了一项单盲横断面研究，以确定沟通模块对ASD个体眼部检查可测试性的影响。招募了30名年龄在5至10岁、临床诊断为轻度至中度ASD的个体，并将他们随机分配到干预组（n = 15）或对照组（n = 15）。考官1用该模块对干预组的参与者进行指导。对模块实施情况不知情的考官2对所有参与者进行眼部检查。所有程序均在社区环境中进行。内容的相关性、适宜性、可理解性和简单性的平均得分在5分制中为4.45至4.78分。在干预组中，各种测试的可测试性范围为40%至100%，对照组为20%至100%。干预组总体眼部检查的可测试性几率比对照组高2.01倍（OR = 2.01，95%置信区间[1.82, 2.20]）。对于每项测试，干预组的可测试性几率比对照组高1.96至3.89倍。已开发并验证的英语和卡纳达语沟通模块在提高ASD个体眼部检查的可测试性方面是有效的。
