Gkintoni Evgenia, Vassilopoulos Stephanos P, Nikolaou Georgios, Vantarakis Apostolos
Department of Educational Sciences and Social Work, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece.
Lab of Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece.
Brain Sci. 2025 May 28;15(6):582. doi: 10.3390/brainsci15060582.
Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) represents a clinical syndrome characterized by cognitive decline greater than expected for an individual's age and education level but not severe enough to significantly interfere with daily activities, with variable trajectories that may remain stable, progress to dementia, or occasionally revert to normal cognition. This systematic review examines neurotechnological approaches to cognitive rehabilitation in MCI populations, including neuromodulation, electroencephalography (EEG), virtual reality (VR), cognitive training, physical exercise, and artificial intelligence (AI) applications. A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted on 34 empirical studies published between 2014 and 2024. Studies were identified through comprehensive database searches and included if they employed neurotechnological interventions targeting cognitive outcomes in individuals with MCI. Evidence indicates promising outcomes across multiple intervention types. Neuromodulation techniques showed beneficial effects on memory and executive function. EEG analyses identified characteristic neurophysiological markers of MCI with potential for early detection and monitoring. Virtual reality enhanced assessment sensitivity and rehabilitation engagement through ecologically valid environments. Cognitive training demonstrated the most excellent efficacy with multi-domain, adaptive approaches. Physical exercise interventions yielded improvements through multiple neurobiological pathways. Emerging AI applications showed potential for personalized assessment and intervention through predictive modeling and adaptive algorithms. Neurotechnological approaches offer promising avenues for MCI rehabilitation, with the most substantial evidence for integrated interventions targeting multiple mechanisms. Neurophysiological monitoring provides valuable biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment response. Future research should focus on more extensive clinical trials, standardized protocols, and accessible implementation models to translate these technological advances into clinical practice.
轻度认知障碍（MCI）是一种临床综合征，其特征为认知能力下降程度超过同年龄、同教育水平个体的预期，但严重程度尚不足以显著干扰日常活动，其病程轨迹具有多样性，可能保持稳定、进展为痴呆，或偶尔恢复正常认知。本系统评价考察了针对MCI人群进行认知康复的神经技术方法，包括神经调节、脑电图（EEG）、虚拟现实（VR）、认知训练、体育锻炼和人工智能（AI）应用。按照PRISMA指南对2014年至2024年发表的34项实证研究进行了系统评价。通过全面的数据库检索确定研究，如果研究采用针对MCI个体认知结果的神经技术干预措施，则将其纳入。证据表明多种干预类型均有良好效果。神经调节技术对记忆和执行功能显示出有益作用。EEG分析确定了MCI的特征性神经生理标志物，具有早期检测和监测的潜力。虚拟现实通过生态有效环境提高了评估敏感性和康复参与度。认知训练采用多领域、适应性方法显示出最出色的效果。体育锻炼干预通过多种神经生物学途径产生改善效果。新兴的AI应用通过预测建模和自适应算法显示出个性化评估和干预的潜力。神经技术方法为MCI康复提供了有前景的途径，针对多种机制的综合干预证据最为充分。神经生理监测为诊断和治疗反应提供了有价值的生物标志物。未来研究应侧重于更广泛的临床试验、标准化方案和可及的实施模式，以将这些技术进展转化为临床实践。
